宁尼亚++刘松凡
[摘要] 血管内皮成长因子(VEGF)及其受体在卵巢癌高表达,与卵巢癌的发作、开展、搬运和预后等亲近相关。VEGF受体不只有酪氨酸激酶活性,并且可影响血管内皮的割裂、增殖,促进肿瘤血管的生成,进步微血管的通透性,加速肿瘤细胞与血管内养分物质的交流,促进肿瘤的发作、开展。
[关键词] 血管内皮成长因子;血管生成按捺剂;卵巢癌
[中图分类号] R737.31 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-4721(2014)08(a)-0186-03
Research progress on VEGF and ovarian cancer
NING Ni-ya LIU Song-fan
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,People′s Hospital of Shaoling District of Luohe City in Henan Province,Luohe 462000,China
[Abstract] Vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)is a highly specific mitogen for vascular endothelial cells.It potentiates angiogenesis and promotes the vascular permeability.Strong expression of VEGF and its receptor has been found in various solid tumor types,including ovarian carcinoma.VEGF receptor not only has tyrosine kinase activity,but also can stimulate endothelial division,proliferation,promote angiogenesis,improve microvascular permeability,accelerate the exchange of nutrients tumor cells and blood vessels,promoting the development of tumor.
[Key words] Vascular endothelial growth factor;Angiogenes inhibitor;Ovarian cancer
卵巢癌是女人生殖系统三大恶性肿瘤之一,五年生存率不超越30%。较低的生存率迫切需求卵巢癌新的医治手法。近年研讨证明血管内皮成长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)是肿瘤血管构成的重要细胞因子,对实性肿瘤的成长、侵袭、搬运及腹水构成起关键效果。现对VEGF与卵巢恶性肿瘤联系的研讨开展作扼要总述。
1 VEGF在卵巢癌发作中的效果
由于卵巢的胚胎发育、安排解剖及内排泄功用较杂乱,前期症状易被忽视,术前辨别卵巢肿瘤的安排类型及良恶性适当困难。卵巢恶性肿瘤中以上皮癌最多见,其次是恶性生殖细胞肿瘤。卵巢上皮癌患者手术中发现肿瘤局限于卵巢的仅占30%,大多数已分散到子宫,双侧附件,大网膜及盆腔各器官,手术难以满足切除病灶。
卵巢癌多发作于围绝经期的妇女,与各种化学、物理、生物等致癌因子及免疫功用、内排泄、遗传、精力要素等有关,此外,饮食养分失谐和不良日子习惯等也可导致肿瘤的发作。35岁以上者多发卵巢上皮性癌,青年及年少女人多为生殖细胞类恶性肿瘤,卵巢癌临床分期、安排分解程度,肿瘤细胞减灭术后残留灶的巨细及化疗阶段可能是影响卵巢癌患者预后的首要要素。
肿瘤成长、侵袭及搬运是一个杂乱的多进程进程,这个进程由一些成长因子和按捺因子调控,如VEGFs、成纤维细胞成长因子、血管成长素、血小板源成长因子、肿瘤坏死因子A、白细胞介素6和8[1]。人类VEGF宗族包含VEGF-A,-B,-C,-D,-E和PLGF。VEGF受体(VEGFR)是一类酪氨酸激酶跨膜蛋白,VEGF与VEGFR结合,可激活下流信号传导通路[2],影响肿瘤血管内皮细胞的增生,添加肿瘤血管通透性,为肿瘤滋润和搬运供给适合的根底[3-4]。李丽珍等[5]研讨发现,恶性卵巢肿瘤患者血清中VEGF的水平显着高于非恶性卵巢肿瘤患者。
Nakanishi等[6]报导,VEGF表达与卵巢恶性肿瘤内的微血管密度呈正相关,VEGF表达者的MVD显着高于不表达者,因而,血管构成是卵巢癌开展、搬运的一个基本特征。动物实验成果表明,具有血管生成才能的肿瘤细胞,其结构和功用的反常有利于肿瘤细胞“逃逸”而导致发作搬运,更易在搬运灶处存活和开展。VEGF经过添加血管通透性为肿瘤细胞腹腔栽培供给成长的基质,与卵巢癌广泛的腹腔栽培搬运有关。
近期研讨成果显现,VEGF及其受体在肿瘤成长和搬运中的效果,可以经过阻断或搅扰VEGF/VEGFR信号传导通路来按捺肿瘤成长[7]。VEGF/VEGFR信号传导通路按捺剂首要包含抗VEGF抗体、抗VEGFR抗体或酪氨酸激酶按捺剂等[7-8]。现在此类药物中已有4种成功上市。
2 血管生成按捺剂在肿瘤医治中的效果
肿瘤血管生成按捺剂指能损坏或按捺血管生成,有用地阻挠肿瘤成长和搬运的药物,经过使肿瘤血管正常化,缓解肿瘤安排缺氧状况,添加化疗药物的运送,然后杀死肿瘤细胞,按捺肿瘤成长[9],可分为特异性和非特异性两大类,效果机制:①调控血管构成成长因子;②按捺基底膜降解;③影响信号转导通路;④调控细胞成长周期;⑤调控肿瘤相关基因。
血管按捺素是最有用的内源性血管生成按捺因子之一。血管按捺素kringle 5能按捺bFGF诱导的内皮细胞成长和搬迁,Suramin可选择性地结合亲肝素血管成长因子,按捺其与受体结合而按捺VEGF诱导的血管内皮细胞增殖和搬迁[10]。Rudge等[11]提出,可以使用VEGF-Trap对VEGF高度亲合力和安稳结合性作为有用的生物标志物来辅导抗VEGF类药物的临床用药。绝大部分肿瘤表达多种不同的促血管成长因子,仅按捺其间一个或一部分或许不能有用地按捺肿瘤血管成长[12]。一项动物实验成果显现,抗VEGFR-2抗体医治能诱导开释FGF-2[13],但贝伐单抗临床使用时其能进步体内PIGF水平[14]。endprint
肿瘤血管生成按捺剂可以按捺肿瘤的成长和搬运,乃至使肿瘤衰退,此类药物的研讨开发可为肿瘤患者供给高效、低毒且抗瘤谱更广的药物。肿瘤血管生成按捺剂医治的方向是防止对正常血管生成按捺剂发生晦气影响[15]。
3 靶向医治对卵巢癌的效果
现在卡铂联合紫杉醇是卵巢癌的规范化疗计划。贝伐单抗是世界上首个同意上市的VEGF按捺剂,可以经过与VEGF-A的结合,阻断VEGF-A与VEGFR的结合,然后按捺VEGF/VEGFR信号通路[16]。血管上皮成长因子(VECF)及其受体是现在卵巢癌靶向医治的靶点,多个针对肿瘤血管生成的靶向医治药物现已进入Ⅲ期临床研讨[17]。小分子靶向药物以肿瘤细胞生转导途径的蛋白或基由于靶点,阻断激酶的催化基团、成长因子和信号的转导通路等途径,按捺肿瘤成长[18]。有研讨现已证明,贝伐单抗联合其他细胞毒性药物医治复发卵巢癌的效果[19-21]。
表1是贝伐单抗在卵巢癌临床Ⅲ期实验中的使用状况[22]。妇科肿瘤组(218例,来自1873例患者,含Ⅳ期卵巢上皮癌、输卵管癌等)是双盲、随机的,临床使用成果显现,卡铂与紫杉醇联合保持剂量的贝伐单抗15 mg/kg与单用一线化疗药物比较,有较长的总生存率。相同,一个1528例新确诊卵巢上皮癌、输卵管癌患者的Ⅱ期临床使用中,卡铂与紫杉醇联合用药6个阶段(每3周1个阶段)、化疗药物加上保持剂量的贝伐单抗7.5 mg/kg,12个阶段,患者总生存率延伸,因而,在医治卵巢癌的靶向药物中,血管成长因子按捺剂贝伐单抗是远景较好的药物,是一个潜在的规范医治计划,可是需求考虑医治费用和患者的日子质量。
Oehler等[23]进一步临床调查发现,肿瘤术后血清VEGF含量显着下降。选用多要素剖析后以为血清VEGF是一独立的预后目标,与患者OS、DFS亲近相关。血清VEGF增高者预后差,提示血VEGF水平不只可作为卵巢癌有价值的确诊目标,并且可作为有意义的预后目标,用于卵巢癌病况监测和辅导医治。
4 定论
血管生成是实体肿瘤开展的重要要素,直接影响肿瘤的医治和预后。卵巢癌发病藏匿,确诊时多为晚期,可使用五颜六色多普勒调查卵巢肿瘤的血流,判别肿瘤良、恶性质[24],猜测患者血管生成才能,采纳恰当医治手法进步生存率。
VEGF是卵巢癌中一种重要的血管生成因子,存在于滤泡液和卵巢过度影响综合征患者的腹水[25]及肿瘤囊内液和腹水中[26]。VEGF、性激素和其他细胞因子、基因一起效果,调控着一系列杂乱的病理、生理进程。一方面,肿瘤细胞经过旁排泄效果排泄VEGF,添加附近宿主血管的通透性;另一方面,VEGF促进重生血管生成,利于腹水生成,因而VEGF及其受体的组成、排泄与卵巢正常生理发育和肿瘤发作、开展有十分亲近的联系。跟着对VEGF研讨的深化,必定会在卵巢癌发病机制的知道、前期确诊及医治方面有新的打破。
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(收稿日期:2014-05-05 本文修改:李亚聪)endprint
[10] Lohela M,Bry M,Tammela T,et al.VEGFs and receptors involved in angiogenesis versus lymphangiogenesis[J].Curr Opin Cell Biol,2009, 21(2):154-165.
[11] Rudge JS,Holash J,Hylton D,et al.VEGF Trap complex formation measures production rates of VEGF,providing a biomarker for predicting efficacious angiogenic blockade[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci,2007,104(47):18363-18370.
[12] Gasparini G,Longo R,Toi M,et al.Angiogenic inhibitors: a new therapeutic strategy in oncology[J].Nat Clin Pract Oncol,2005,2(11):562-577.
[13] Casanovas O,Hicklin D,Bergers G,et al.Drug resistance by evasion of antiangiogenic targeting of VEGF signaling in late-stage pancreatic islet tumors[J].Cancer Cell,2005,8(4):299-309.
[14] Willett CG,Boucher Y,Duda DG,et al.Surrogate markers for antian giogenic therapy and dose-limiting toxicities for bevacizumab with radiation and chemotherapy: continued experience of a phase Ⅰ trial in rectal cancer patients[J].J Clin Oncol,2005,23(31):8136-8139.
[15] Teoh DG,Secord AA.Antiangiogenic therapies in epithelial ovarian cancer[J].Cancer Control,2011,18(1):31-43.
[16] Ferrara N,Hillan KJ,Gerber HP,et al.Discovery and development of bevacizumab,an anti-VEGF antibody for treating cancer[J].Nat Rev Drug Discov,2004,3:391-400.
[17] 刘澈.卵巢癌医治的开展[J].现代医药卫生,2010,26(22):3441-3443.
[18] 纪巍,王丹.上皮性卵巢癌生物医治研讨开展[J].临床军医杂志,2013,41(1):91-94.
[19] Chura JC,Van Iseghem K,Downs LS Jr,et al.Bevacizumab plus cyclopho-sphamide in heavily pretreated patients with recurrent ovarian cancer[J].Gynecol Oncol,2007,107(2):326-330.
[20] Garcia AA,Hirte H,Fleming G,et al.Phase Ⅱ clinical trial of bevacizumab and low-dose metronomic oral cyclophosphamide in recurrent ovarian cancer:a trial of the California,Chicago,and Princess Margaret Hospital phase Ⅱ consortia[J].J Clin Oncol,2008,26(1):76-82.
[21] McGonigle KF,Muntz HG,Vuky J,et al.Combined weekly topote can and biweekly bevacizumab in women with platinum-resistant ovarian,peritoneal,or fallopian tube cancer:results of a phase 2 study[J].Cancer,2011,117(16):3731-3740.
[22] Sato S,Itamochi H.Bevacizumab and ovarian cancer[J].Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol,2012,24(1):8-13.
[23] Oehler MK,Caffier H.Prognostic relevance of serum vascular endothelial growth factor in ovarian cancer[J].Anticancer Res,2000,20(6D):5109-5112.
[24] Salahuddin SZ,Ablashi DV,Markham PD,et al.Isolation of a new virus,HBLV,,in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders[J].Science,1986,234(4776):596-601.
[25] Maiman R,Fruchter R,Serur E,et al.Human immunodeficiency virus infection and cervical neoplasia[J].Gynecol Oncol,1990,38(3):377-382.
[26] Lusso P,Ensoli B,Markham PD,et al.Productive dual infection of human CD4+ T lymphocytes by HIV-1 and HHV-6[J].Nature,1989,337(6205):370-373.
(收稿日期:2014-05-05 本文修改:李亚聪)endprint
[10] Lohela M,Bry M,Tammela T,et al.VEGFs and receptors involved in angiogenesis versus lymphangiogenesis[J].Curr Opin Cell Biol,2009, 21(2):154-165.
[11] Rudge JS,Holash J,Hylton D,et al.VEGF Trap complex formation measures production rates of VEGF,providing a biomarker for predicting efficacious angiogenic blockade[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci,2007,104(47):18363-18370.
[12] Gasparini G,Longo R,Toi M,et al.Angiogenic inhibitors: a new therapeutic strategy in oncology[J].Nat Clin Pract Oncol,2005,2(11):562-577.
[13] Casanovas O,Hicklin D,Bergers G,et al.Drug resistance by evasion of antiangiogenic targeting of VEGF signaling in late-stage pancreatic islet tumors[J].Cancer Cell,2005,8(4):299-309.
[14] Willett CG,Boucher Y,Duda DG,et al.Surrogate markers for antian giogenic therapy and dose-limiting toxicities for bevacizumab with radiation and chemotherapy: continued experience of a phase Ⅰ trial in rectal cancer patients[J].J Clin Oncol,2005,23(31):8136-8139.
[15] Teoh DG,Secord AA.Antiangiogenic therapies in epithelial ovarian cancer[J].Cancer Control,2011,18(1):31-43.
[16] Ferrara N,Hillan KJ,Gerber HP,et al.Discovery and development of bevacizumab,an anti-VEGF antibody for treating cancer[J].Nat Rev Drug Discov,2004,3:391-400.
[17] 刘澈.卵巢癌医治的开展[J].现代医药卫生,2010,26(22):3441-3443.
[18] 纪巍,王丹.上皮性卵巢癌生物医治研讨开展[J].临床军医杂志,2013,41(1):91-94.
[19] Chura JC,Van Iseghem K,Downs LS Jr,et al.Bevacizumab plus cyclopho-sphamide in heavily pretreated patients with recurrent ovarian cancer[J].Gynecol Oncol,2007,107(2):326-330.
[20] Garcia AA,Hirte H,Fleming G,et al.Phase Ⅱ clinical trial of bevacizumab and low-dose metronomic oral cyclophosphamide in recurrent ovarian cancer:a trial of the California,Chicago,and Princess Margaret Hospital phase Ⅱ consortia[J].J Clin Oncol,2008,26(1):76-82.
[21] McGonigle KF,Muntz HG,Vuky J,et al.Combined weekly topote can and biweekly bevacizumab in women with platinum-resistant ovarian,peritoneal,or fallopian tube cancer:results of a phase 2 study[J].Cancer,2011,117(16):3731-3740.
[22] Sato S,Itamochi H.Bevacizumab and ovarian cancer[J].Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol,2012,24(1):8-13.
[23] Oehler MK,Caffier H.Prognostic relevance of serum vascular endothelial growth factor in ovarian cancer[J].Anticancer Res,2000,20(6D):5109-5112.
[24] Salahuddin SZ,Ablashi DV,Markham PD,et al.Isolation of a new virus,HBLV,,in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders[J].Science,1986,234(4776):596-601.
[25] Maiman R,Fruchter R,Serur E,et al.Human immunodeficiency virus infection and cervical neoplasia[J].Gynecol Oncol,1990,38(3):377-382.
[26] Lusso P,Ensoli B,Markham PD,et al.Productive dual infection of human CD4+ T lymphocytes by HIV-1 and HHV-6[J].Nature,1989,337(6205):370-373.
(收稿日期:2014-05-05 本文修改:李亚聪)endprint