贾良杰
[摘要] Wnt信号通路在生物体内参加调理了许多生命进程,其间包含各个安排的构成及器官的发作、免疫效果的发作、机体应激性的发作、细胞癌变和细胞凋亡与抗凋亡的进程等重要生命活动。越来越多的研讨提醒了Wnt信号通路在细胞凋亡进程中的巨大效果,当然,Wnt信号通路经过许多已知的途径进行细胞凋亡进程的调理,其间包含经过调整细胞所在的外环境然后影响细胞凋亡进程的加快或减缓等进程。本文将在Wnt细胞信号通路调控细胞凋亡从影响肿瘤细胞成长及生物体发育上对近期宣布的研讨成果作扼要总述,并对Wnt信号通路中存在的要害基因、转录蛋白质做要点介绍并对其在细胞凋亡进程中所起的重要效果加以具体论述。
[要害词] Wnt信号通路;细胞凋亡;肿瘤医治
[中图分类号] R458[文献标识码] A[文章编号] 1674-4721(2014)06(c)-0194-03
The effect of apoptosis transferred by Wnt signaling transduction pathway in the cancer therapy
JIA Liang-jie
College of Life Science,Shannxi Normal University,Xi′an710119,China
[Abstract] Wnt signaling transduction pathway plays an important role in many kinds of life activities,such as the formation of various organizations and organs,immunity,reflex activity,canceration of the normal cell and anti-apoptotic process.The association between the Wnt signaling pathway and apoptosis has become more firmly established in the recent scientific literature.The activity of Wnt signaling according to specific cellular environment stimuli can regulate apoptosis.In this review,we will summarize the recent researches about the apoptosis transferred by Wnt signaling transduction pathway which interfere the activity of cancer cell and the development of organism,and we will also draw attention to genes and proteins of the Wnt signaling pathway involved in apoptosis and describe some of their functional effects.
[Key words] Wnt signaling pathway;Apoptosis;Cancer therapy
各项研讨充沛标明,假如细胞凋亡发作失调,那么机体会呈现多种疾病,当细胞凋亡不能正常进行时,会发作癌症;当细胞凋亡失调,特别是神经安排或肌肉安排发作病变时,会发作神经或肌肉细胞的功用损失,导致功用性反常和妨碍[1]。很多研讨标明,Wnt信号通路在生物体的发育进程中扮演了重要的人物,在正常体细胞黏附、存活及凋亡调理和幼体胚胎细胞的割裂及分解的生理生化进程中有重要效果[2],特别是在幼体中枢神经体系的发育进程中发作的突触重排进程,需求神经元中Wnt信号通路中的一些要害性成员参加其间[3]。细胞凋亡基因与Wnt信号途径中共有的基因在整个胚胎发育时期被接连、和谐的方法激活。Wnt信号通路在心血管体系的发育进程中起不可或缺的效果[4],还在成骨细胞的发育进程中软骨细胞凋亡方面发挥了重要效果[5]。
1 Wnt信号通路简介
Wnt信号途径的信号转导体系是人体中比较重要的信号转导通路之一,包含信号发动、分子传递、靶基因转录活化等几个首要环节。在脊椎动物细胞中,Wnt信号途径被其间的要害性蛋白(Wnt蛋白)所命名。在多种生物体内,Wnt信号转导分为三条不同途径发挥效果:经典Wnt信号途径(canonical Wnt signal pathway)、细胞极性途径和Wnt/Ca2+相关的非经典Wnt信号途径(noncanonical Wnt signal pathway)。经过这几种途径,Wnt宗族蛋白参加多种生理生化进程,接纳胞外信号分子,然后调控胚胎发育及细胞成长、分解和凋亡等。Wnt信号通路的具体效果方法见图1。
1.1 经典的Wnt信号通路
经典Wnt信号通路的效果机制已根本说明,首要进程由细胞自排泄或旁排泄的Wnt蛋白与细胞外表受体弯曲蛋白(Frizzled,Frz)结合,Frz蛋白相当于胞内与胞外信号通路的桥梁然后使β-catenin在细胞质中堆集,并在低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白5和6(LDL-receptor-related protein 5/6,LRP5/6)的协同下[7],一同活化Dishevelled(DSH)蛋白,触发细胞内的信号转导,进而按捺了由糖原组成酶激酶3β(GSK-3β)、结肠癌按捺因子[8](APC)和轴蛋白(axin)等构成的蛋白降解复合物,该复合物可经过磷酸化β-catenin(Ser45、Ser33、Ser37和Thr41)使之降解,因而当复合物不能构成或被解聚时,β-catenin则不会被降解,得以在细胞质内集合增多,进而向细胞核内搬运,与转导通路的首要信号分子T细胞因子/淋巴增强因子复合物(TCF/LEF)结合[5],终究激活与细胞生计、增殖和分解相关的下流靶基因的表达。Wnt信号的开始为Wnt配体与靶细胞上的特异性受体结合,转导特异的信号途径,导致靶细胞发作一系列生理反响。
1.2 细胞极性途径(planar cell polarity pathway,Wnt/JNK通路)
Wnt/JNK通路与经典的Wnt信号通路在散乱蛋白激活之前的进程相同,但在激活后,首要是经过DSH激活Jun-N结尾激酶(JNK),调理转录因子c-Jun、ATF2、P53、DPC4、Elk1等的活性而起效果。其间3个保存区域(DIX、PDZ、DEP)中的DEP在JNK激活效果下树立平面细胞极性,然后发挥效果。Wnt7a与Frz受体结合也发作在这一通路的激活进程中,然后调控Dsh、VanGogh、prickle、Strabismu、diego和flamingo等下流效应基因的表达,这些基因首要参加细胞极性的树立和细胞骨架重排使细胞骨架在胞内不对称散布并在上皮细胞的协同极化进程中发挥效果。
1.3 Wnt/Ca2+相关的非经典信号途径(Wnt/Ca2+ noncanonical Wnt signal pathway)
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非经典的Wnt/Ca2+信号途径的激活需求Wnt宗族中的Wnt4、Wnt5a、Wnt11蛋白参加。当Wnt蛋白与相应的Fz受体结合后,磷脂酰肌醇特异性磷脂酶C(PI-PLC)被特定的G蛋白激活,之后PI-PLC水解PIP2(phosphatidylinositol 4,5-diphosphate)生成DAG(diacylglycerol)和IP3(inositol triphosphate),两者都能作为第二信使参加下流的级联反响。DAG在细胞膜上协同Ca2+和磷脂酰丝氨酸激活蛋白激酶C(protein kinase C,PKC),PKC经过激活细胞质中的靶酶,参加生化反响,在癌症中发挥重要效果[9-10]。IP3是Ca2+通道激活剂,既可以促进细胞膜上的Ca2+通道敞开,又可以促进内质网中的Ca2+释放到细胞质中[11],导致细胞质中Ca2+浓度添加,当添加到必定浓度时,其与钙调蛋白(calmodulin,CaM)结组成Ca2+/CaM复合物,激活下流效应蛋白,引起广泛的生物学效应[12]。
除这些已被发现的信号通路外,近年来发现的Wnt/Ror2通路是研讨的一个抢手,首要为Wnt5a与细胞上Ror2、Frz受体分子结合后,可激活RhoA、Rac、ROCK和JNK等信号分子,在调理细胞的极性和搬迁中发挥效果[13-14]。
2 Wnt信号传导通路和细胞凋亡
Wnt信号通路存在广泛,包含果蝇和线虫的发育进程、人工培育传代细胞转变为癌细胞的生化反响、爪蟾胚胎发育进程中的异位基因表达。有依据标明,当小鼠细胞中的Wnt信号通路有关基因被敲除后,小鼠胚胎就发作了特异性的发育缺点。关于Wnt基因和其他Wnt信号传导的组成部分是用于哺乳动物胚胎发育方面有十分重要的效果这一点,已经有了具体的记载[15]。胚胎的正常发育与Wnt信号通路的非经典途径有关,包含干细胞的增殖、肿瘤细胞的搬迁和正常细胞的极化等,而Wnt信号调控紊乱会导致多种发育缺点疾病的发作[5]。此外,在成年生物体的不同安排中也发现因为Wnt信号通路的毛病然后引起了肿瘤效应。如在人的散发性大肠癌中,90%是Wnt信号活化的;Wnt在CLL和前BALL中呈过表达状况[16],当CML急性发作时,Wnt信号通路处于反常的活化状况;在肝癌、脑瘤、胰腺癌和肾癌中均可见到其下流效应物β-catenin的点骤变[8]。Wnt信号可以经过Wnt信号的下流效应物的骤变的传递效果被激活或经过Wnt配体的过表达而直接被激活[17]。
Wnt信号传导所调停的结果是依据特定的细胞活性环境影响既可以促进,又可以按捺细胞凋亡的进程[18]。在正处于成长期与遭到细胞损害的神经细胞、内皮细胞、血管平滑肌细胞和心肌细胞中,Wnt信号调理通路关于前期与晚期细胞凋亡都具有调控效果[4]。Wnt信号通路调理细胞凋亡的重要的机制包含:WNT-BMP信号、BMP及HH信号通路与Wnt信号之间有十分亲近的联系,BMP信号与一些效应物的一起调理可以按捺Wnt信号或约束Wnt配体的旁排泄效果[19-20];或经过SFRP2(secreted Frizzled-related protein-2,排泄型Frizzled依赖性蛋白-2)基因的表达添加了SFRP这种排泄型蛋白的表达添加,然后按捺胶质瘤细胞活性,约束胶质瘤细胞移动[21];或经过β-catenin的信号转导,组成β-catenin-Tcf4复合体后影响cyclinD1发动子的表达,可以有效地促进大鼠模型中直肠癌的发作[22]。当然,与其相关的还具有多种信号通路:GSK3-β-NF-κBeta,C-Jun N端激酶信号,和Dickkopf-1的基因表达,nemo蛋白,SOX10蛋白和tau蛋白构成的通路[4,23]。
需求侧重介绍的是一种新式的肿瘤按捺蛋白——腺瘤性结肠息肉蛋白(adenomatous polyposis coli,APC),其在细胞凋亡的进程中所发作的效果不容小觑,该基因编码一种含有2843个氨基酸的杂乱蛋白质,在许多老练及胚胎安排中都有表达。APC关于细胞凋亡的影响在很大程度上取决于APC蛋白的长度,野生型APC的表达(310 kD)将会诱导细胞凋亡,而骤变基因会表达被截短的骤变型APC蛋白质然后抗凋亡。最近的研讨发现,肿瘤细胞的线粒体中表达APC的截短型的骤变型肽链,且堆集量很高。当在APC基因序列中1~1309 bp的位点发作骤变后,APC蛋白表现出较正常的野生型较短的肽链,然后按捺细胞的凋亡,使这种肿瘤细胞得以存活[24]。在有些细胞中发现了当APC蛋白过表达后会结合Bcl-2蛋白然后添加其在线粒体中的表达量,Bcl-2作为一种存活因子,当其排泄量添加就会导致癌细胞持续存活下来并进行分散,骤变型的APC蛋白有才能将Bcl-2蛋白富集到肿瘤细胞的线粒体中,然后防止肿瘤细胞的凋亡。
3 定论与展望
细胞凋亡作为多细胞生物体在发育和保持体内稳态进程中起重要的生理效果,一直是研讨的抢手。研讨促进或按捺细胞凋亡机制对许多疾病的医治有特别的含义。跟着对细胞凋亡机制的研讨,将可以研制新式药物按捺细胞凋亡进程,然后增加细胞寿数,或是靶向某种特定细胞进行靶向细胞凋亡,如对癌细胞进行定向凋亡,未来新式智能医治药物将会在细胞凋亡方面有较多的使用。除此之外,经过对阻挠细胞凋亡的医治研讨,也能经过研制新药特异地、高效地医治肌肉萎缩症和神经退行性疾病。
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endprint
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(收稿日期:2014-03-13本文修改:李亚聪)
endprint
[7]MacDonald BT,Tamai K,He X.Wnt/β-catenin signaling:components,mechanisms,and diseases[J].Dev Cell,2009,17(1):9-26.
[8]Polakis P.Wnt signaling and cancer[J].Genes Dev,2000,14(15):1837-1851.
[9]Topol L,Jiang X,Choi H,et al.Wnt-5a inhibits the canonical Wnt pathway by promoting GSK-3-independent β-catenin degradation[J].J Cell Biol,2003,162(5):899-908.
[10]Medrano EE.Wnt5a and PKC,a deadly partnership involved in melanoma invasion[J].Pigment Cell Res,2007,20(4):258-259.
[11]Suzuki A,Ito T,Kawano H,et al.Survivin initiates procaspase 3/p21 complex formation as a result of interaction with Cdk4 to resist Fas-mediated cell death[J].Oncogene,2000,19(10):1346-1353.
[12]汪群,孙权.细胞周期素D1及相关基因在胆管癌中的发展[J].国外医学外科学分册,2006,32(5):359-362.
[13]Oishi I,Suzuki H,Onishi N,et al.The receptor tyrosine kinase Ror2 is involved in non-canonical Wnt5a/JNK signalling pathway[J].Genes Cell,2003,8(7):645-654.
[14]Yoda A,Oishi I,Minami Y.Expression and function of the Ror-family receptor tyrosine kinases during development:lessons from genetic analyses of nematodes,mice,and humans[J].J Recept Signal Transduct Res,2003,23(1):1-15.
[15]Bodine PV.Wnt signaling control of bone cell apoptosis[J].Cell Res,2008,18(2):248-253.
[16]McWhirter JR,Neuteboom ST,Wancewicz EV,et al.Oncogenic homeodomain transcription factor E2A-Pbx1 activates a novel WNT gene in pre-B acute lymphoblastoid leukemia[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci UAS,1999,96(20):11464-11469.
[17]Breuhahn K,Longerich T,Schirmacher P.Dysregulation of growth factor signaling in human hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Oncogene,2006,25(27):3787-3800.
[18]Shulewitz M, Soloviev I,Wu T,et al.Repressor roles for TCF-4 and Sfrp1 in Wnt signaling in breast cancer[J].Oncogene,2006,25(31):4361-4369.
[19]Katoh Y,Katoh M.WNT antagonist,SFRP1,is Hedgehog signaling target[J].Int J Mol Med,2006,17(1):171-175.
[20]Marsit CJ,Karagas MR,Schned A,et al.Carcinogen exposure and epigenetic silencing in bladder cancer[J].Ann N Y Acad Sci,2006,1076:810-821.
[21]Tetsu O,McCormick F.β-Catenin regulates expression of cyclin D1 in colon carcinoma cells[J].Nature,1999,398(6726):422-426.
[22]Crowder RJ,Freeman RS.Glycogen synthase kinase-3β activity is critical for neuronal death caused by inhibiting phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase or Akt but not for death caused by nerve growth factor withdrawal[J].J Biol Chem,2000,275(44):34266-34271.
[23]Ellies DL,Church V,Francis-West P,et al.The WNT antagonist cSFRP2 modulates programmed cell death in the developing hindbrain[J].Development,2000,127(24):5285-5295.
[24]Brocardo M,Henderson BR.APC shuttling to the membrane,nucleus and beyond[J].Trends Cell Biol,2008,18(12):587-596.
(收稿日期:2014-03-13本文修改:李亚聪)
endprint
[7]MacDonald BT,Tamai K,He X.Wnt/β-catenin signaling:components,mechanisms,and diseases[J].Dev Cell,2009,17(1):9-26.
[8]Polakis P.Wnt signaling and cancer[J].Genes Dev,2000,14(15):1837-1851.
[9]Topol L,Jiang X,Choi H,et al.Wnt-5a inhibits the canonical Wnt pathway by promoting GSK-3-independent β-catenin degradation[J].J Cell Biol,2003,162(5):899-908.
[10]Medrano EE.Wnt5a and PKC,a deadly partnership involved in melanoma invasion[J].Pigment Cell Res,2007,20(4):258-259.
[11]Suzuki A,Ito T,Kawano H,et al.Survivin initiates procaspase 3/p21 complex formation as a result of interaction with Cdk4 to resist Fas-mediated cell death[J].Oncogene,2000,19(10):1346-1353.
[12]汪群,孙权.细胞周期素D1及相关基因在胆管癌中的发展[J].国外医学外科学分册,2006,32(5):359-362.
[13]Oishi I,Suzuki H,Onishi N,et al.The receptor tyrosine kinase Ror2 is involved in non-canonical Wnt5a/JNK signalling pathway[J].Genes Cell,2003,8(7):645-654.
[14]Yoda A,Oishi I,Minami Y.Expression and function of the Ror-family receptor tyrosine kinases during development:lessons from genetic analyses of nematodes,mice,and humans[J].J Recept Signal Transduct Res,2003,23(1):1-15.
[15]Bodine PV.Wnt signaling control of bone cell apoptosis[J].Cell Res,2008,18(2):248-253.
[16]McWhirter JR,Neuteboom ST,Wancewicz EV,et al.Oncogenic homeodomain transcription factor E2A-Pbx1 activates a novel WNT gene in pre-B acute lymphoblastoid leukemia[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci UAS,1999,96(20):11464-11469.
[17]Breuhahn K,Longerich T,Schirmacher P.Dysregulation of growth factor signaling in human hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Oncogene,2006,25(27):3787-3800.
[18]Shulewitz M, Soloviev I,Wu T,et al.Repressor roles for TCF-4 and Sfrp1 in Wnt signaling in breast cancer[J].Oncogene,2006,25(31):4361-4369.
[19]Katoh Y,Katoh M.WNT antagonist,SFRP1,is Hedgehog signaling target[J].Int J Mol Med,2006,17(1):171-175.
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(收稿日期:2014-03-13本文修改:李亚聪)
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