蒋晓蕊+苗琳+吴晓燕+樊官伟
[摘要] 心血管疾病是全球发病率和致死率最高的疾病,而丹参酮ⅡA对心血管体系具有杰出的维护效果。本文总述了丹参酮ⅡA对血管内皮、滑润肌、心肌以及心肌成纤维细胞的维护效果及可能机制,从按捺细胞增殖、改进氧化应激损害、改进搬迁黏附功用等详细机制方面进行阐释,以期为丹参酮ⅡA的合理使用供给根据。
[要害词] 丹参酮ⅡA;心血管疾病;内皮细胞;滑润肌细胞;心肌细胞
[中图分类号] R972[文献标识码] A[文章编号] 1674-4721(2014)05(b)-0183-03
Protective effects and mechanism of tanshinone ⅡA on cardiovascular system
JIANG Xiao-rui MIAO Lin WU Xiao-yan FAN Guan-wei▲
State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine,Tianjin University of traditional Chinese Medicine,Tianjin 300193,China
[Abstract] Cardiovascular disease (CVD) contributes to the world′s highest morbidity and mortality rates while tanshinone ⅡA plays an outstanding effect on protecting cardiovascular system.This paper reviews the effects of tanshinone ⅡA on protecting vascular endothelial cell,smooth muscle cell,cardiomyocyte and cardiac fibroblast cell and the possible mechanism of inhibiting cell proliferation,antagonizing oxidative stress,improving adhesion function and migration and other aspects to provide evidence on clinical use of tanshinone ⅡA.
[Key words] Tanshinone ⅡA;Cardiovascular disease;Endothelial cell;Smooth muscle cell;Cardiomyocyte
丹参酮ⅡA是唇形科植物丹参Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.中的一种丹参酮型二萜类化合物,归于黄酮类化合物,是活血化瘀中药丹参中脂溶性成分的代表,具有广泛的生理活性,包含抗炎、改进血循环、抗肿瘤、铲除自由基与抗氧化效果、保肝及改进肝功用、维护脊髓损害及维护肾小管和肾间质等效果。
心血管疾病是全球发病率和致死率最高的疾病,其间冠心病是一种由多种要素诱导的冠状动脉粥样硬化导致血管腔器质性狭隘或堵塞,冠状动脉循环改动而引起冠状动脉血流和心肌需求之间不平衡,导致心肌缺血缺氧(心绞痛)或心肌坏死(心肌梗死)的心脏病。丹参酮ⅡA对心血管的维护效果杰出,据文献报导[1]能够扩张冠状动脉,添加冠状动脉血流量;减慢心率,添加心肌缩短力,改进缺氧后引起的心肌代谢紊乱及心功用妨碍;抗动脉粥样硬化,下降心肌耗氧量,缩小心肌梗死面积;还具有抗凝、按捺血栓构成,促进安排修正,下降血脂等多种心血管药理活性。本文就丹参酮ⅡA的心血管体系维护效果及机制的研讨做一总述。
1 对血管的维护效果
1.1 对血管内皮细胞的维护效果及分子途径
对内皮细胞的损害是血管疾病的重要事情。血流切应力及血流搏动过强影响,血管舒张因子NO的组成削减或受损,缩短因子内皮素-1(endothelin,ET-1)组成添加,这些功用改动引起内皮依靠性舒张反响削弱,导致内皮细胞损害[2]。
1.1.1 改进内皮细胞的氧化应激损害在内皮细胞中,氧化应激被认为是血管内皮细胞损害和凋亡的要害,而过氧化氢(H2O2)在诱导细胞凋亡中发挥着要害效果。Chan等[3]研讨发现丹参酮ⅡA能够诱导激活转录因子-3(activating transcription factor-3,ATF-3)依靠性地按捺H2O2诱导的细胞凋亡,下降促凋亡蛋白caspase-3和p53表达的活性。Jia等[4]发现在EA.hy926细胞中显着按捺H2O2诱发的活性氧(ROS)升高,丹参酮ⅡA处理后细胞促凋亡蛋白Bax和caspase-3的表达显着下降,抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的表达显着添加并导致Bax蛋白/Bcl-2的份额显着下降。
丹参酮ⅡA维护自由基发生形成的血管内皮细胞毒性,显着削弱乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)开释,进步超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物的活性,按捺脐静脉内皮细胞损害引起的体外MDA的生成,显着按捺超氧阴离子自由基和羟自由基生成[5]。
1.1.2 改进内皮细胞的搬迁和黏附功用损害对立脂多糖(LPS)诱导的细胞搬迁和黏附的削弱并能使肌动球蛋白缩短与黏着斑蛋白的集合康复正常,一起下降由内皮细胞损害引起的一系列纤连蛋白、整合素蛋白A5(ITG A5)、Rho A、肌球蛋白轻链磷酸酯酶、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,PI3K)、黏着斑激酶、血管内皮细胞生长因子(VEGF)、血管内皮细胞生长因子受体-2(VEGFR2)的上调,其机制可能是经过下调ITG A5来按捺Rho/Rho激酶通路[6]。
Nizamutdinova等[7]发现预处理丹参酮ⅡA可挑选性按捺肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor α,TNF-α)影响的人脐静脉内皮细胞(human umbilical vein endothelial cells,HUVEC)血管细胞黏附分子-1(vascular cell adhesion molec-ule-1,VCAM-1)的表达,这与有用按捺TNF-α介导激活的Akt,蛋白激酶C(PKC)和STAT-3的磷酸化与下降VCAM-1上游发动子区搅扰素调理因子(IRF-1)或GATAs的表达并削弱其结合活性的效果有关。
Chang等[8]发现经过按捺VCAM-1、细胞间黏附分子-1(intercellular adhesion molecule-1,ICAM-1)及趋化因子CX3CL1的表达按捺单核细胞黏附于血管内皮细胞。其机制是显着按捺TNF-α诱导的IKKα,IKKβ,IκB和NF-κB的磷酸化,按捺NF-κB核易位。丹参酮ⅡA独自效果与丹参一切成分比较,具有更有用的效果。
1.1.3 经过eNOS-NO途径改进内皮细胞功用在许多心血管疾病和代谢性疾病中,内皮型一氧化氮合酶(endothelial nitric oxide synthase,eNOS)的解偶联可引起内皮功用妨碍,可在氧化应激时调控内皮细胞EA.hy926的eNOS解偶联。效果于NOX4,HSP90,GTPCH1和DHFR和PI3K信号通路对立高糖诱导的eNOS解偶联,然后下降细胞内的氧化应激和添加NO的生成。在某些心血管疾病和代谢疾病中能够用作原型剂康复eNOS的耦合[9]。
Hong等[10]发现经过eNOS,PI3K与鸟苷酸环化酶途径按捺周期蛋白诱导的HUVEC细胞内皮素ET-1的表达,NO发生、eNOS的磷酸化和激活转录因子ATF-3的表达增强。
1.2 按捺血管滑润肌细胞(VSMCs)增殖效果
能够经过按捺滑润肌细胞搬迁和增殖[11-12]等效果减轻动脉损害。机制包含:使血管滑润肌细胞阻滞在G0/G1期,按捺MAPK、ERK1/2的活性,并下降c-fos的表达[13-14];下调钙调磷酸酶(CaN)活性,按捺CaN mRNA与增殖细胞核抗原(proliferating cell nuclear antigen,PCNA)的表达[15];按捺缺氧诱导的S期激酶相关蛋白2(Skp2)和磷酸化Akt的添加使p27蛋白降解减慢[16];升高电压门控钾离子通道Kv2.1 mRNA与蛋白表达水平[17];按捺TRPC1、TRPC6 mRNA和蛋白表达,使细胞门控钙离子通道(SOCE)敞开削减,细胞内根底Ca2+浓度下降,按捺肺动脉滑润肌细胞(PASMCs)分散和搬迁[18]。
2 对心肌细胞的维护
维护心肌的机制现在尚不彻底清楚,详细可分为以下几种:①与非经典雌激素受体结合,能够下降胶原堆积,影响新的弹性蛋白生成[19];②影响心肌细胞的电生理特性,Liang等[20]发现10 mg/ml丹参酮ⅡA灌注能够缩短心肌细胞(三层)的动作电位时程APD90,下降TDR值;③经过氧化复原灵敏的ERK1/2/Nrf2/HO-1和AMPK/乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC)/肉碱棕榈酰转移酶(CPT)1途径参加改进抗氧化体系与脂肪酸氧化效果[21];④下调miR-1并按捺激活的p38 MAPK和心脏特别转录因子SRF和MEF2的表达,下降缺血损害并改进心功用[22];⑤线粒体凋亡途径,按捺H9c2心肌细胞凋亡晚期Caspase3的活性,细胞色素C开释和缓慢缺氧所诱导的线粒体膜电位的改变,按捺Bax基因的过表达,下降Bax/Bcl-2比值[23];⑥搅扰心肌成纤维细胞活性氧发生和激活eNOS-NO途径[24]。
综上所述,丹参酮ⅡA经过对立血管与心肌损害发挥心血管维护效果。除此之外,临床试验[25]也证明丹参酮ⅡA能够改进冠心病患者血狷介敏C-反响蛋白(hs-CRP)水平并下调其他炎性标志物;Wang等[26]发现丹参酮ⅡA对心脑血管疾病具有神经维护效果;维护缺血/再灌注损害[27],显着下降缺血/再灌注的严峻程度等。许多机制需求进一步研讨,以期为临床合理用药供给参阅。
[参阅文献]
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[9]Zhou ZW,Xie XL,Zhou SF,et al.Mechanism of reversal of high glucose-induced endothelial nitric oxide synthase uncoupling by tanshinone ⅡA in human endothelial cell line EA.hy926[J].Eur J Pharmacol,2012,697(1-3):97-105.
[10]Hong HJ,Hsu FL,Tsai SC,et al.Tanshinone ⅡA attenuates cyclic strain-induced endothelin-1 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells[J].Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol,2012,39(1):63-68.
[11]Xu S,Little PJ,Lan T,et al.Tanshinone ⅡA attenuates and stabilizes atherosclerotic plaques in apolipoprotein-E knockout mice fed a high cholesterol diet[J].Arch Biochem Biophys,2011,515(1-2):72-79.
[12]Gao S,Liu Z,Li H,et al.Cardiovascular actions and therapeutic potential of tanshinone ⅡA[J].Atherosclerosis,2012,220(1):3-10.
[13]Li X,Du JR,Bai B,et al.Inhibitory effects and mechanism of tanshinone ⅡA on proliferation of rat aortic smooth muscle cells[J].Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi,2008,33(17):2146-2150.
[14]Li X,Du JR,Yu Y,et al.Tanshinone ⅡA inhibits smooth muscle proliferation and intimal hyperplasia in the rat carotid balloon-injured model through inhibition of MAPK signaling pathway[J].J Ethnopharmacol,2010,129(2):273-279.
[15]Pan YJ,Li XY,Yang GT.Effect of tanshinone ⅡA on the calcineurin activity in proliferating vascular smooth muscle cells of rats[J]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi,2009,29(2):133-135.
[16]Luo Y,Xu DQ,Dong HY,et al.Tanshinone ⅡA inhibits hypoxia-induced pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation via Akt/Skp2/p27-associated pathway[J].PLoS One,2013,8(2):e56774.
[17]Huang Y,Liu M,Dong M,et al.Effects of sodium tanshinone ⅡA sulphonate on hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats in vivo and on Kv2.1 expression in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells in vitro[J].J Ethnopharmacol,2009,125(3):436-443.
[18]Wang J,Jiang Q,Wan L,et al.Sodium tanshinone ⅡA sulfonate inhibits canonical transient receptor potential expression in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle from pulmonary hypertensive rats[J].Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol,2013,48(1):125-134.
[19]Mao S,Wang Y,Zhang M,et al.Phytoestrogen,tanshinone ⅡA diminishes collagen deposition and stimulates new elastogenesis in cultures of human cardiac fibroblasts[J].Exp Cell Res,2014,323(1):189-197.
[20]Liang L,Xie Q,Li WH,et al.The effect of tanshinone ⅡA on the transmembrance action potential of myocardial cells in LQT2 rabbit models[J].Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao,2013,44(5):744-746.
[21]Wei B,You MG,Ling JJ,et al.Regulation of antioxidant system,lipids and fatty acid β-oxidation contributes to the cardioprotective effect of sodium tanshinone ⅡA sulphonate in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats[J].Atherosclerosis,2013,230(1):148-156.
[22]Zhang Y,Zhang L,Chu W,et al.Tanshinone ⅡA inhibits miR-1 expression through p38 MAPK signal pathway in post-infarction rat cardiomyocytes[J].Cell Physiol Biochem,2011,26(6):991-998.
[23]Jin HJ,Xie XL,Ye JM,et al.Tanshinone ⅡA and cryptotanshinone protect against hypoxia-induced mitochondrial apoptosis in H9c2 cells[J].PLoS One,2013,8(1):e51720.
[24]Chan P,Liu JC,Lin LJ,et al.Tanshinone ⅡA inhibits angiotensin II-induced cell proliferation in rat cardiac fibroblasts[J].Am J Chin Med,2011,39(2):381-394.
[25]Shang Q,Wang H,Li S,et al.The effect of sodium tanshinone ⅡA sulfate and simvastatin on elevated serum levels of inflammatory markers in patients with coronary heart disease:a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial[J].Evid Based Complement Alternat Med,2013:756519.
[26]Wang JG,Bondy SC,Zhou L,et al.Protective effect of tanshinone ⅡA against infarct size and increased HMGB1,NFκB,GFAP and apoptosis consequent to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion[J].Neurochem Res,2014,39(2):295-304.
[27]Chen Y,Wu X,Yu S,et al.Neuroprotection of tanshinone ⅡA against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through inhibition of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in rats[J].PLoS One,2012,7(6):e40165.
(收稿日期:2014-04-02本文修改:郭静娟)
[基金项目] 国家自然科学基金(81273891,81273993)
[作者简介] 蒋晓蕊(1987-),女,硕士
▲通讯作者:樊官伟(1977-),男,副研讨员
·编读来往·
“材料与办法”的表述内容
应详细地描绘研讨目标的来历和挑选办法,包含调查目标的基本情况、有无随机分组(随机抽样)、样本含量估量的根据等。若进行了随机化分组,应阐明详细的随机化办法(如彻底随机、配对或分层随机分组等)。关于非随机化分组的调查性研讨,除要清晰阐明调查目标的挑选办法外(如是否配对、随机抽样),还应给出影响要素(如年纪、性别、病况)的均衡性剖析成果。关于临床试验,还需特别阐清晰诊规范、效果点评规范、病例当选规范、病例除掉规范、有无失访及失访的份额、有无“知情赞同”、点评效果有无遮盖(单盲、双盲或多盲)等,以使读者承认论文中一切统计剖析成果的可靠性和研讨定论的合理性。
[13]Li X,Du JR,Bai B,et al.Inhibitory effects and mechanism of tanshinone ⅡA on proliferation of rat aortic smooth muscle cells[J].Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi,2008,33(17):2146-2150.
[14]Li X,Du JR,Yu Y,et al.Tanshinone ⅡA inhibits smooth muscle proliferation and intimal hyperplasia in the rat carotid balloon-injured model through inhibition of MAPK signaling pathway[J].J Ethnopharmacol,2010,129(2):273-279.
[15]Pan YJ,Li XY,Yang GT.Effect of tanshinone ⅡA on the calcineurin activity in proliferating vascular smooth muscle cells of rats[J]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi,2009,29(2):133-135.
[16]Luo Y,Xu DQ,Dong HY,et al.Tanshinone ⅡA inhibits hypoxia-induced pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation via Akt/Skp2/p27-associated pathway[J].PLoS One,2013,8(2):e56774.
[17]Huang Y,Liu M,Dong M,et al.Effects of sodium tanshinone ⅡA sulphonate on hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats in vivo and on Kv2.1 expression in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells in vitro[J].J Ethnopharmacol,2009,125(3):436-443.
[18]Wang J,Jiang Q,Wan L,et al.Sodium tanshinone ⅡA sulfonate inhibits canonical transient receptor potential expression in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle from pulmonary hypertensive rats[J].Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol,2013,48(1):125-134.
[19]Mao S,Wang Y,Zhang M,et al.Phytoestrogen,tanshinone ⅡA diminishes collagen deposition and stimulates new elastogenesis in cultures of human cardiac fibroblasts[J].Exp Cell Res,2014,323(1):189-197.
[20]Liang L,Xie Q,Li WH,et al.The effect of tanshinone ⅡA on the transmembrance action potential of myocardial cells in LQT2 rabbit models[J].Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao,2013,44(5):744-746.
[21]Wei B,You MG,Ling JJ,et al.Regulation of antioxidant system,lipids and fatty acid β-oxidation contributes to the cardioprotective effect of sodium tanshinone ⅡA sulphonate in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats[J].Atherosclerosis,2013,230(1):148-156.
[22]Zhang Y,Zhang L,Chu W,et al.Tanshinone ⅡA inhibits miR-1 expression through p38 MAPK signal pathway in post-infarction rat cardiomyocytes[J].Cell Physiol Biochem,2011,26(6):991-998.
[23]Jin HJ,Xie XL,Ye JM,et al.Tanshinone ⅡA and cryptotanshinone protect against hypoxia-induced mitochondrial apoptosis in H9c2 cells[J].PLoS One,2013,8(1):e51720.
[24]Chan P,Liu JC,Lin LJ,et al.Tanshinone ⅡA inhibits angiotensin II-induced cell proliferation in rat cardiac fibroblasts[J].Am J Chin Med,2011,39(2):381-394.
[25]Shang Q,Wang H,Li S,et al.The effect of sodium tanshinone ⅡA sulfate and simvastatin on elevated serum levels of inflammatory markers in patients with coronary heart disease:a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial[J].Evid Based Complement Alternat Med,2013:756519.
[26]Wang JG,Bondy SC,Zhou L,et al.Protective effect of tanshinone ⅡA against infarct size and increased HMGB1,NFκB,GFAP and apoptosis consequent to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion[J].Neurochem Res,2014,39(2):295-304.
[27]Chen Y,Wu X,Yu S,et al.Neuroprotection of tanshinone ⅡA against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through inhibition of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in rats[J].PLoS One,2012,7(6):e40165.
(收稿日期:2014-04-02本文修改:郭静娟)
[基金项目] 国家自然科学基金(81273891,81273993)
[作者简介] 蒋晓蕊(1987-),女,硕士
▲通讯作者:樊官伟(1977-),男,副研讨员
·编读来往·
“材料与办法”的表述内容
应详细地描绘研讨目标的来历和挑选办法,包含调查目标的基本情况、有无随机分组(随机抽样)、样本含量估量的根据等。若进行了随机化分组,应阐明详细的随机化办法(如彻底随机、配对或分层随机分组等)。关于非随机化分组的调查性研讨,除要清晰阐明调查目标的挑选办法外(如是否配对、随机抽样),还应给出影响要素(如年纪、性别、病况)的均衡性剖析成果。关于临床试验,还需特别阐清晰诊规范、效果点评规范、病例当选规范、病例除掉规范、有无失访及失访的份额、有无“知情赞同”、点评效果有无遮盖(单盲、双盲或多盲)等,以使读者承认论文中一切统计剖析成果的可靠性和研讨定论的合理性。
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(收稿日期:2014-04-02本文修改:郭静娟)
[基金项目] 国家自然科学基金(81273891,81273993)
[作者简介] 蒋晓蕊(1987-),女,硕士
▲通讯作者:樊官伟(1977-),男,副研讨员
·编读来往·
“材料与办法”的表述内容
应详细地描绘研讨目标的来历和挑选办法,包含调查目标的基本情况、有无随机分组(随机抽样)、样本含量估量的根据等。若进行了随机化分组,应阐明详细的随机化办法(如彻底随机、配对或分层随机分组等)。关于非随机化分组的调查性研讨,除要清晰阐明调查目标的挑选办法外(如是否配对、随机抽样),还应给出影响要素(如年纪、性别、病况)的均衡性剖析成果。关于临床试验,还需特别阐清晰诊规范、效果点评规范、病例当选规范、病例除掉规范、有无失访及失访的份额、有无“知情赞同”、点评效果有无遮盖(单盲、双盲或多盲)等,以使读者承认论文中一切统计剖析成果的可靠性和研讨定论的合理性。