张清华 卓新杰 陈春 李杰实 王瑞华
[摘要] 意图 探討甲状腺乳头状癌颈淋巴结搬运规则,为挑选最佳手术办法供给参阅。 办法 回忆性剖析2012年1月~2016年1月宁德市闽东医院618例确诊为cN0甲状腺乳头状癌患者的临床和病理材料,术前、术中腺体内打针美蓝,切除甲状腺一起惯例打扫中心区,依据淋巴结染色情况挑选性打扫颈侧区。 成果 618例有完好统计材料的cN0甲状腺乳头状癌患者中,病理确诊颈部蓝染淋巴结总搬运率为88.19%(3347/3795),中心区(Ⅵ区)淋巴结搬运率为89.49%(3006/3359),颈侧区(Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ)蓝染淋巴结搬运率为78.21%(341/436),其间Ⅱ区72.81%(83/114)、Ⅲ区80.46%(140/174)、Ⅳ区79.73%(118/148)。 定论 甲状腺乳头状癌最常见的搬运部位是Ⅵ区,术中应惯例铲除,其次依次为Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅱ、Ⅴ区,关于cN0患者也应挑选性行颈部淋巴结打扫术,美蓝进行术前符号搬运淋巴结办法可行,关于临床术式挑选有必定的辅导含义,值得推广应用。
[关键词] 甲状腺肿瘤;乳头状癌;淋巴搬运规则;挑选性颈部淋巴结打扫术
[中图分类号] R736.1 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2018)10-0050-04
Discussion on the significance and methods of selective dissection of cervical lymph nodes of cN0 papillary thyroid carcinoma
ZHANG Qinghua ZHUO Xinjie CHEN Chun LI Jieshi WANG Ruihua
Department of General Surgery, Ningde Mindong Hospital, Ningde 355000, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the principle of cervical lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma and to provide a reference for the selection of the best surgical method. Methods The clinical and pathological data of 618 cases diagnosed as CN0 thyroid papillary carcinoma from January 2012 to January 2016 in Ningde Mindong Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Gland injection of methylene blue was performed before surgery and after surgery. The central region was routinely dissected while the thyroid gland was dissected. According to lymph node staining, the lateral neck region was selectively dissected. Results Among 618 patients with CN0 thyroid papillary carcinoma who had complete statistics, the total metastasis rate of cervical blue-stained lymph node was 88.19%(3347/3795) according to pathological diagnosis. The metastasis rate of central region(region Ⅳ) lymph node was 89.49%(3006/3359). The metastasis rate of blue-stained lymph nodes in the lateral cervical regions(Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ) was 78.21%(341/436). Among them, region Ⅱ was 72.81%(83/114), region Ⅲ was 80.46%(140/174), and region Ⅳ was 79.73%(118/148). Conclusion The most commonly seen metastatic site of papillary thyroid carcinoma is region Ⅳ, which should be routinely removed in the surgery, followed by region Ⅲ, Ⅳ, Ⅱ and Ⅴ. For cN0 patients, cervical lymphadenectomy should also be selected. Methylene blue for preoperative marking lymph node metastasis is feasible, which has a certain guiding significance for the selection of clinical surgical methods, and is worthy of promotion and application.
[Key words] Thyroid tumor; Papillary carcinoma; Principle of lymph node metastasis; Selective dissection of neck lymph node
甲状腺乳头状癌是分解型甲状腺癌,成长缓慢,生物学特性好,患者生存期长,但易发作颈部淋巴结搬运。手术仍是首选的医治办法,现在国内外对甲状腺切除规模,特别对cN0颈部淋巴结是否铲除及铲除规模仍存在争议。本研讨用美蓝标识甲状腺乳头状癌颈淋巴结的散布情况,旨在为临床行挑选性颈淋巴结铲除术供给依据。
1 材料与办法
1.1 临床材料
挑选 2012年1月~2016年1月来宁德市闽东医院就诊的甲状腺疾病患者1562例,确诊为甲状腺乳头状癌618例,均经术中冰冻证明甲状腺乳头状癌。本组618例患者中男128例,女490例;年纪18~75岁,中位年纪40岁。
1.2 手术办法
本组中行规范改进完全治愈术108例,甲状腺全切术324例,患侧甲状腺全切+峡部+对侧次全切除术170例,加行患侧叶颈侧区淋巴打扫术124例,加行双侧中心区打扫术146例,加行双侧颈侧区淋巴打扫术16例。见表1。
1.3 术中搬运淋巴结断定
术前24 h,患者取仰卧位,在B超引导下将1.0 mL的1%美蓝经皮肤打针于甲状腺肿物或周围腺体内,打针后部分压榨5~10 min,大都患者无不良反应,术中探查中心区、颈侧区无蓝染淋巴结者,加行打针1.0 mL于患侧甲状腺上极和下极处,调查10 min,惯例打扫同侧中心区淋巴结,颈侧区发现蓝染淋巴结,加行改进打扫术,对侧中心区发现蓝染淋巴结,加行对侧中心区淋巴结打扫术,无蓝染淋巴结,随访调查;并记载蓝染淋巴结的方位及数目,见表1。
1.4 统计学办法
选用SPSS 17.0软件处理数据,计数材料选用χ2查验,P<0.05为差异有统计学含义。
2 成果
本组618例甲状腺乳头状癌打扫总淋巴结数5165枚,搬运率为64.8%(3347/5165),中心区为74.25%(3006/4048),颈侧区为30.53%(341/1117)。其间蓝染淋巴结数目3795枚,病理确诊淋巴结搬运数目3347枚,病理确诊契合率为88.19%(3347/3795)。甲状腺乳头状癌最常呈现颈淋巴结的蓝染及搬运,且常为同侧,颈部淋巴结搬运程度与患者年纪、肿瘤的巨细及是否打破包膜密切相关,细小癌、腺内型蓝染淋巴结中搬运率分别为79.43%(1452/1828)、89.9%(1895/1967),P<0.05(表2)。甲状腺乳头状癌蓝染淋巴结最常见且最早呈现的区域为Ⅵ区,其次为Ⅲ、Ⅳ及Ⅱ区,Ⅴ区及Ⅰ区很少发作蓝染。Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅵ区搬运份额分别为72.81%(83/114)、80.46%(140/174)、79.73%(118/148)和89.49%(3006/3359),P>0.05(表3)。跳动搬运者为18例,中心区淋巴结阴性者,发现颈侧区淋巴结搬运者占14.67%(18/124),本组随访至今586例(随访率94.82%),无因甲状腺乳头状癌逝世病例,未发现病理证明的搬运、复发病例。5例腺内型甲状腺癌未行对侧叶全切病例,现在仍在随访中。
3 评论
3.1 甲状腺乳头状癌淋巴结搬运与预后的联系
甲状腺乳头状癌大都前期可呈现区域淋巴结搬运。淋巴结搬运并不影响患者的存活率[1],但显着添加了手术后的部分复发率[2-3]。甲状腺乳头状癌颈部淋巴结搬运发作率较高,可达53%~65%[4],本组达64.8%(3347/5165),即便术前查看临床颈侧区淋巴结阴性(cN0),隐匿性淋巴结搬运发作率也可高达40%~65%[5]。Ito Y等[6]的研讨中590例甲状腺细小癌患者行预防性颈淋巴结打扫,病理学查看证明淋巴结搬运阳性者高达40.0%。鄢丹桂等[7]对cN0甲状腺乳头状癌研讨中,中心区颈打扫后,淋巴搬运率达36.7%~59.2%,本组中行甲状腺中心区淋巴结(Ⅵ区)打扫者搬运率为74.25%(3006/4048),颈侧区淋巴结搬运率为30.53%(341/1117),印证了较高的颈部淋巴结搬运发作率。即便关于细小癌,一篇Meta剖析发现28.0%的患者有淋巴结搬运,0.6%有远处搬运,3.3%呈现复发[8]。本文以为颈部淋巴结不打扫,易残留淋巴搬运灶,添加复发率,将形成患者身体危害和心思担负,影响患者日子质量。選择性颈部淋巴结打扫可以较全面点评淋巴结情况,一起减轻患者在术后长时间随访过程中的精神担负。
3.2 甲状腺中心区淋巴结的处理
甲状腺中心区淋巴结指甲状腺周围喉前、气管前及气管旁淋巴结,依据美国甲状腺协会(ATA)引荐的颈部淋巴结分区办法归为中心区(Ⅵ区)淋巴结[9]。现在对中心区淋巴结与原发病灶联系有不同观念。部分学者建议应将中心区淋巴结与颈侧区淋巴结区别对待[10];另一些学者建议将中心区淋巴结提升到与原发灶平等重要的程度,支撑惯例同期行中心区颈打扫术[11],美国临床内分泌协会亦建议中心区淋巴结打扫术作cN0的规范处理办法[12]。部分学者[13]以为预防性中心区淋巴结打扫并不下降此类患者的病死率,反而添加喉返神经及甲状旁腺损害的危险,特别是甲状旁腺损害,可能严重影响患者术后日子质量,可能导致患者毕生日子质量下降,故关于cN0 T1/T2期PTC不用进行预防性Ⅵ区淋巴结打扫。本文以为,淋巴结搬运是甲状腺乳头状癌最首要的搬运途径,多首要呈现在中心区[14],中心区淋巴结复发占总复发例数的80.0%[15],关于甲状腺乳头状癌在切除病灶后,应一起打扫患侧中心区淋巴结。因患侧搬运率较高,又与甲状腺病灶处于同一术野中,术中精密全程解剖喉返神经及甲状旁腺,留意维护甲状旁腺血供,必要时可运用“卡纳琳”负显影,术中精密操作,不添加手术伤口,多项研讨显现有经历的外科医生完结打扫后的并发症发作率未显着增高[16-18],即便随访过程中呈现颈侧区搬运,无须再打扫中心区,广泛粘连显着添加神经损害概率,有利于维护喉返神经及甲状旁腺功用。一起我国的攻略也引荐,术中在尽量防止手术并发症情况下,不管甲状腺原发病巨细,均应至少行病灶同侧中心区淋巴结打扫,可清晰疾病的分期并辅导今后医治和随访[19]。
3.3 甲状腺颈侧区淋巴结的处理
甲状腺乳头状癌的颈侧区淋巴结首要是指Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ区。关于颈侧区可疑搬运患者,攻略引荐对临床颈侧区淋巴结阳性(cN1)应行功用性颈淋巴结打扫术,已到达一致。可是,对颈侧区淋巴结阴性(cN0)患者颈侧区淋巴结处理,未到达一致,处理意见不同。部分学者建议关于颈侧区淋巴结阴性患者,不加行预防性颈侧区淋巴结打扫术,首要考虑是可在随访期间发现颈淋巴结肿大,纵横比大于1,呈现淋巴搬运可能,二次手术时再行患侧功用性颈淋巴结打扫术,并不影响患者预后;部分学者以为cN0患者仍存在较高潜在搬运灶,依据恶性肿瘤完全治愈准则,尽可能到达R0切除,关于颈侧区引荐挑选性打扫,可是,术前怎么断定颈侧区淋巴结是否搬运,现在仍缺少精确的、微创的、公认的办法。临床上靠触诊及印象学查看只要参阅价值,术中探查也难于断定搬运灶。有些研讨[20-22]报导超声确诊淋巴结搬运敏感度仅为23.0%~38.0%。Chung YS等[23]报导中心区淋巴结阴性时髦有10%的病例发作颈侧区淋巴结搬运。本组中心区淋巴结阴性者,发现颈侧区淋巴结搬运者占14.67%(18/124),阐明甲状腺乳头状癌也可存在跳动性搬运,阐明患侧颈侧区或对侧淋巴结打扫的重要性。怎么断定cN0患者颈侧区有搬运,现在仍未到达一致,笔者选用术前、术中打针美蓝办法,考虑淋巴结癌搬运后可引起淋巴回流妨碍,美蓝在部分淋巴结集合,导致淋巴结蓝染,据术中探查到蓝染淋巴结,应高度置疑搬运,结合术中冰冻查看成果,挑选性行改进打扫术。本文以为甲状腺乳头状癌患者术中探查颈淋巴结,要留意:(1)首要探查Ⅵ组,惯例打扫患侧,若发现对侧肿大及蓝染的淋巴结,需切取送快速病理查看,如病理查看提示为癌搬运,则加行对侧中心区颈淋巴结铲除术,然后翻开患侧颈血管鞘探查。(2)翻开患侧颈血管鞘的意图是便利查看Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组,如无蓝染淋巴结则可不可铲除;如发现肿大及蓝染的淋巴结,则行功用性颈淋巴结铲除术。(3)甲状腺上极肿瘤应惯例探查Ⅱ、Ⅲ组。(4)关于中心区淋巴结搬运数大于3枚,或癌灶坐落甲状腺中上极且存在被膜侵略者,部分学者界说为颈侧区淋巴结打扫的相对习惯证。本文持相同观念。颈侧区术后病理有淋巴结搬运者,均予131I行放射性性医治。
总归,甲状腺乳头状癌有较高的颈部淋巴结搬运率,即便细小癌也存在跳动搬运可能,关于cN0患者,本文引荐也应行挑选性颈部淋巴结打扫术,盲目扩展打扫规模,添加伤口和并发症发作率,打扫不完全,易导致肿瘤残留,复发搬运可能,美蓝进行术前符号搬运淋巴结办法结合术中冰冻可行,关于临床术式挑选有必定的辅导含义,既可以削减不用要的损害,又最大程度消除病变遗失及复发危险,能较全面点评颈部淋巴结状况。
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(收稿日期:2017-11-25)