缓慢肾小球肾炎能治好吗:不同类型肾小球疾病患者尿液中的蜡样管型剖析

营养
中国现代医生
2018年11月18日 10:06

王中全 巩姣梅

[摘要] 意图 评论不同类型的肾小球疾病患者尿液中的蜡样管型。办法 尿沉渣离心镜检、计数管型数量并分类。成果 300例肾小球疾病患者中,共发现蜡样管型42例(14.0%),其间急性感染后肾小球肾炎和肾淀粉样变管型份额最高,别离达到了45.5%和50.0%,局灶性节段性肾小球硬化和细小病变性肾病未检测到蜡样管型。 定论 不同类型肾小球疾病患者中蜡样管型的数量不同。

[关键词] 肾小球疾病;尿沉渣;蜡样管型

[中图分类号] R692.6 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2014)11-0146-03

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the waxy casts in the urinary sediment of patients with different types of glomerular diseases. Methods Urine sediment was centrifuged and read by microscopy. Then count the number of casts and classify them. Results About 42(14.0%) of 300 cases were found the waxy casts in patients with glomerular diseases. Acute glomerulonephritis and renal amyloidosis had the highest casts, 45.5% and 50.0% respectively. Moreover, waxy casts were not found in conditions such as focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis and minimal change nephropathy. Conclusion Waxy casts are different in various types of glomerular diseases.

[Key words] Glomerular diseases; Urinary sediment; Waxy casts

尿沉渣剖析是尿液剖析中重要的组成成分,对尿液干化学剖析仪器确诊泌尿系统疾病具有重要的含义。管型(casts)为尿沉渣中有重要含义的成分,它的呈现往往提示有肾实质性危害[1]。管型包含:通明管型、颗粒管型(细颗粒管型和粗颗粒管型)、脂肪管型、细胞管型(红细胞管型、白细胞管型、上皮细胞管型)、细菌管型、真菌管型、蜡样管型和混合管型[2]。关于通明管型、颗粒管型、脂肪管型、红细胞管型、白细胞管型、上皮细胞管型现已有许多的文献报导,而蜡样管型却鲜有报导,尽管其在19世纪后50年就现已被人类所知道[3]。本研讨首要剖析不同类型肾小球疾病患者尿液中的蜡样管型,以期为往后对蜡样管型的研讨供给参阅。

1 材料与办法

1.1一般材料

本研讨搜集了2010年1月~2013年6月来自郑州大学第二隶属医院肾病科标本300例,年纪12~85岁,中位年纪48岁,其间男140例,女160例。除了尿沉渣镜检,还搜集了每一个患者的尿pH值、比重和尿蛋白排泄量(g/L),一起记录了病程,时刻从第一次化验成果表明肾功能妨碍到肾活检。

1.2 归入与扫除规范

归入规范:①肾活检确诊为肾小球疾病,且伴有中度到重度的管型尿;②尿沉渣检查在进行肾穿刺活检前几个小时进行。扫除规范:尿路感染、白带污染、生殖器官出血、月经、肉眼血尿或肾穿刺活检的非典型性习惯证(如未清晰分类的肾小球疾病)。

1.3 尿沉渣检测

辅导患者用番笕和清水清洗外生殖器,弃去晨尿,2h后搜集患者中段尿进行检测。标本处理:取10 mL尿液转移到尿沉渣离心管,400× g离心力下离心分离10 min,离心完毕后,弃去9.8 mL上清液,将底部的沉淀物0.2 mL轻柔混匀,用移液枪汲取50 μL沉渣转移至载玻片上,掩盖24 mm×32 mm盖玻片,之后由几名专家双盲进行显微镜镜检。

关于每个样品的检测,首先在低倍镜下(10×10)对管型进行开始计数,评价患者是否能够归入研讨规模。然后,在高倍镜下(40×10),对每个样品计数100个管型,并进行分类。分类包含:通明管型、颗粒管型、蜡样管型、脂肪管型、红细胞管型、白细胞管型和上皮细胞管型等。对每个样品中的每种管型以计数100个管型中的含量进行报导。

蜡样管型的辨别关键是:其形状折断或两头钝圆,缺口和锋利边际,横向裂缝,高折射率和外表的外观让人想起消融的蜡。

1.4 统计学办法

选用SPSS 17.0 软件包进行统计学剖析,分类变量间比较选用χ2查验。P<0.05为差异有统计学含义。

2 成果

2.1 患者一般材料剖析

本研讨300例患者中,男女患者别离为140例、160例,共发现蜡样管型42例(14.0%)。其间男22例,女20例,男女之间在有无蜡样管型上差异无统计学含义(P=0.423)。蛋白尿>0.15g/L的有284例(94.7%),其间有蜡样管型的患者尿蛋白含量高于无蜡样管型的患者。尿pH值规模介于5.0~8.0之间,见表1。

2.2不同类型的肾小球疾病中蜡样管型状况

在发现有蜡样管型的42例标本中,急性感染后肾小球肾炎和肾淀粉样变管型份额最高,达到了45.5%和50.0%。后边顺次排列为过敏性紫癜肾小球肾炎(25.0%)、肾小球毛细血管性肾炎(25.0%)、坏死性肾小球肾炎(18.8%)、糖尿病肾病(16.7%)、IgA肾病(15.5%)、充满增生性肾小球肾炎(14.7%)、特发性膜性肾病(5.9%)。而在局灶性节段性肾小球硬化和细小病变性肾病中未检测到蜡样管型。经SPSS17.0整体统计剖析一切的肾小球疾病显现,蜡样管型在不同类型肾小球疾病间存在统计学差异(χ2=37.388,P=0.000),见表2。endprint

3评论

19世纪50年代科学家研讨发现管型是尿沉渣的重要组成部分,其分类和现在的分类十分类似。蜡样管型之所以得名,是因为它的外观,易让人想起消融的蜡,而在肾脏疾病中蜡样管型的检出频率至今尚无文献报导。临床对蜡样管型的了解只停留在教课书上,本文成果证明了蜡样管型可能与广泛的肾脏疾病相关联,常见的有急性肾损害(AKI)、快速进行性肾功能衰竭或缓慢肾功能不全[4]。

据文献报导,临床给予呋喃苯胺酸医治后可发现通明管型[5],在狼疮性肾炎复发患者中发现含有红细胞或白细胞的管型,然后使其成为狼疮性肾炎复发确诊的灵敏目标[6]。有文献证明在IgA肾病患者中假如发现通明-颗粒管型,则预后欠好,然后为狼疮性肾炎的预后增加了一项有用的目标[7]。也有报导称,系膜增生性肾小球肾炎颗粒管型的呈现与血清肌酐,血清白蛋白的升高和蛋白尿明显相关,肾穿刺活检可见到一些病理改动,且这些指征的呈现提示肾脏预后较差[8]。有学者报导在增生性肾小球疾病中可呈现更高频率和数量的红细胞和肾小管上皮细胞管型[9],与之比较,在非增生性肾小球疾病中,脂肪管型更多一些[10]。Nakayama等[11]在2008年发现,在IgA肾病患者中,通明管型、颗粒管型、红细胞管型、白细胞管型和脂肪管型与肾穿刺活检的病理分级密切相关,其增多与肾脏预后较差有关。Chawla等[12]在2008年发现,与康复后患者比较,急性肾损害没有彻底康复的患者中能够检出更多的颗粒与肾小管上皮细胞管型。Perazella等[13]在2008年发现,颗粒管型和肾小管上皮管型计数能够区别急性肾损害是否是由肾前性原因引起的急性肾小管坏死,其具有76%的灵敏度和86%特异性,阳性似然比为5.75。Fogazzi等[14]在2012年从21个急性间质性肾炎患者中检出6个(28.5%)含有红细胞的管型,远远高于曾经的文献报导。有文献报导在广泛的肾脏疾病中都能够检出红细胞管型[15-17],其盛行率为22%~55%。

本研讨根据不同类型的肾小球疾病患者,专心研讨其蜡样管型。成果显现,在局灶节段性肾小球硬化和细小病变性肾病中无蜡样管型,其在特发性膜性肾病中也很稀有。尽管无蜡样管型的这三种肾小球疾病的发病机制不同,但肾穿刺活检时均无炎性病变部位。本研讨以为不同类型肾小球疾病患者中蜡样管型的数量不同。

[参阅文献]

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[2] Buijsse B,Boeing H,Hirche F,et al. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and its genetic determinants in relation to incident type 2 diabetes:A prospective case-cohort study[J]. Eur J Epidemiol,2013,28(9):743-752.

[3] Gutierrez E,Egido J,Rubio-Navarro A,et al. Oxidative stress,macrophage infiltration and CD163 expression are determinants of long-term renal outcome in macrohematuria-induced acute kidney injury of IgA nephropathy[J]. Nephron Clin Pract,2012,121(1-2):c42-c53.

[4] Spinelli D,Consonni D,Garigali G,et al. Waxy casts in the urinary sediment of patients with different types of glomerular diseases:Results of a prospective study[J]. Clin Chim Acta,2013,424:47-52.

[5] Hao N,Xiong M,Zhang JD,et al. Portable thermo-powered high-throughput visual electrochemiluminescence sensor[J]. Anal Chem,2013,85(24):11715-11719.

[6] Dasgupta S,Eudaly J. Estrogen receptor-alpha mediates Toll-like receptor-2 agonist-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production in mesangial cells[J]. Results Immunol,2012,2:196-203.

[7] Shimizu A,Takei T,Moriyama T,et al. Clinical and pathological studies of IgA nephropathy presenting as a rapidly progressive form of glomerulonephritis[J]. Intern Med,2013, 52(22):2489-2494.

[8] Kanaji N,Kushida Y,Bandoh S,et al. Membranous glomerulonephritis associated with Mycobacterium shimoidei pulmonary infection[J]. Am J Case Rep,2013,14:543-547.endprint

[9] Grundmann F,Witthus M,Gobel H,et al. Monoclonal gammopathy-associated pauci-immune extracapillary-proliferative glomerulonephritis successfully treated with bortezomib[J]. Clin Kidney J,2013,6(3):327-329.

[10] Danilewicz M.,Wagrowska-Danilewicz M. The immunoexpression of glomerular NF-kappaB in proteinuric patients with proliferative and non-proliferative glomerulopathies[J]. Pol J Pathol,2013,64(2):78-83.

[11] Nakayama K,Ohsawa I,Maeda-Ohtani A,et al. Prediction of diagnosis of immunoglobulin A nephropathy prior to renal biopsy and correlation with urinary sediment findings and prognostic grading[J]. J Clin Lab Anal,2008, 22(2):114-118.

[12] Chawla LS,Dommu A,Berger A,et al. Urinary sediment cast scoring index for acute kidney injury:a pilot study[J]. Nephron Clin Pract,2008,110(3):c145-c150.

[13] Perazella MA,Coca SG,Kanbay M,et al. Diagnostic value of urine microscopy for differential diagnosis of acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients[J]. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol,2008,3(6):1615-1619.

[14] Fogazzi GB,Ferrari B,Garigali G,et al. Urinary sediment findings in acute interstitial nephritis[J]. Am J Kidney Dis,2012,60(2):330-332.

[15] Canale M. P,Rovella V,Staffolani E,et al. Nephrotic syndrome and abdominal arterial bruits in a young hypertensive patient:A case report[J]. Arch Ital Urol Androl,2012,84(4):238-241.

[16] Nakai K,Fujii H,Hara S,et al. Successful treatment of progressive renal injury due to granulomatous tubulointerstitial nephritis with uveitis[J]. Clin Exp Nephrol,2011, 15(5):765-768.

[17] DCruz S,Singh R,Mohan H,et al. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease with diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis-an unusual association:A case report and review of the literature[J]. J Med Case Rep,2010,4:125.

(收稿日期:2013-12-05)endprint

[9] Grundmann F,Witthus M,Gobel H,et al. Monoclonal gammopathy-associated pauci-immune extracapillary-proliferative glomerulonephritis successfully treated with bortezomib[J]. Clin Kidney J,2013,6(3):327-329.

[10] Danilewicz M.,Wagrowska-Danilewicz M. The immunoexpression of glomerular NF-kappaB in proteinuric patients with proliferative and non-proliferative glomerulopathies[J]. Pol J Pathol,2013,64(2):78-83.

[11] Nakayama K,Ohsawa I,Maeda-Ohtani A,et al. Prediction of diagnosis of immunoglobulin A nephropathy prior to renal biopsy and correlation with urinary sediment findings and prognostic grading[J]. J Clin Lab Anal,2008, 22(2):114-118.

[12] Chawla LS,Dommu A,Berger A,et al. Urinary sediment cast scoring index for acute kidney injury:a pilot study[J]. Nephron Clin Pract,2008,110(3):c145-c150.

[13] Perazella MA,Coca SG,Kanbay M,et al. Diagnostic value of urine microscopy for differential diagnosis of acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients[J]. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol,2008,3(6):1615-1619.

[14] Fogazzi GB,Ferrari B,Garigali G,et al. Urinary sediment findings in acute interstitial nephritis[J]. Am J Kidney Dis,2012,60(2):330-332.

[15] Canale M. P,Rovella V,Staffolani E,et al. Nephrotic syndrome and abdominal arterial bruits in a young hypertensive patient:A case report[J]. Arch Ital Urol Androl,2012,84(4):238-241.

[16] Nakai K,Fujii H,Hara S,et al. Successful treatment of progressive renal injury due to granulomatous tubulointerstitial nephritis with uveitis[J]. Clin Exp Nephrol,2011, 15(5):765-768.

[17] DCruz S,Singh R,Mohan H,et al. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease with diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis-an unusual association:A case report and review of the literature[J]. J Med Case Rep,2010,4:125.

(收稿日期:2013-12-05)endprint

[9] Grundmann F,Witthus M,Gobel H,et al. Monoclonal gammopathy-associated pauci-immune extracapillary-proliferative glomerulonephritis successfully treated with bortezomib[J]. Clin Kidney J,2013,6(3):327-329.

[10] Danilewicz M.,Wagrowska-Danilewicz M. The immunoexpression of glomerular NF-kappaB in proteinuric patients with proliferative and non-proliferative glomerulopathies[J]. Pol J Pathol,2013,64(2):78-83.

[11] Nakayama K,Ohsawa I,Maeda-Ohtani A,et al. Prediction of diagnosis of immunoglobulin A nephropathy prior to renal biopsy and correlation with urinary sediment findings and prognostic grading[J]. J Clin Lab Anal,2008, 22(2):114-118.

[12] Chawla LS,Dommu A,Berger A,et al. Urinary sediment cast scoring index for acute kidney injury:a pilot study[J]. Nephron Clin Pract,2008,110(3):c145-c150.

[13] Perazella MA,Coca SG,Kanbay M,et al. Diagnostic value of urine microscopy for differential diagnosis of acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients[J]. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol,2008,3(6):1615-1619.

[14] Fogazzi GB,Ferrari B,Garigali G,et al. Urinary sediment findings in acute interstitial nephritis[J]. Am J Kidney Dis,2012,60(2):330-332.

[15] Canale M. P,Rovella V,Staffolani E,et al. Nephrotic syndrome and abdominal arterial bruits in a young hypertensive patient:A case report[J]. Arch Ital Urol Androl,2012,84(4):238-241.

[16] Nakai K,Fujii H,Hara S,et al. Successful treatment of progressive renal injury due to granulomatous tubulointerstitial nephritis with uveitis[J]. Clin Exp Nephrol,2011, 15(5):765-768.

[17] DCruz S,Singh R,Mohan H,et al. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease with diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis-an unusual association:A case report and review of the literature[J]. J Med Case Rep,2010,4:125.

(收稿日期:2013-12-05)endprint

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