张莉 叶联华 王高伟
[摘要]支氣管胸膜瘘是肺切除术后稀有但最严峻的并发症之一,病死率高。有用的医治办法对支气管胸膜瘘的预后有重要意义。现在关于支气管胸膜瘘的医治尚无相关指南和规范,为评价房距离封堵器封堵全肺切除术后前期支气管胸膜瘘(BPF)的临床作用,本文回忆性剖析2016年12月云南省肿瘤医院胸外一科诊治的1例临床确诊为左全肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘患者的临床材料。该患者临床表现为咳嗽,咳痰,伴痰中带血,复查胸部CT和电子支气管镜,发现左肺支气管胸膜瘘。依据支气管胸膜瘘的解剖特色和病变特征,选用房距离封堵器封堵瘘口。第1次置入房距离封堵器(6 mm)时,一次置入成功,房距离封堵器置入后左肺支气管瘘口彻底封堵。5 d后做电子支气管镜查看,评价肺部和气道状况,发现左肺支气管残端封堵器移位。再次置入房距离封堵器(18 mm),一次置入成功,瘘口彻底封堵。封堵器置入3个月后患者左边胸膜残腔彻底消失,瘘口愈合,肺功用显着改进。使用房距离封堵器对肺叶切除术后构成的前期支气管胸膜瘘进行封堵,操作简略,加速瘘口愈合,残腔消失。改进患者的日子质量,临床作用杰出。经过临床材料剖析,房距离封堵器封堵支气管胸膜瘘是一种科学有用、瘘口愈合快、手术安全性好、操作简洁、术后并发症少的医治新办法,可推广使用。
[关键词]肺切除术;支气管胸膜瘘;房距离封堵器;电子支气管镜
[中图分类号] R541.1 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-4721(2018)2(c)-0145-03
[Abstract]Bronchopleural fistula is one of the most rare but serious complications after pneumonectomy,with high mortality.Effective treatment is of great significance to the prognosis of bronchopleural fistula.At present,there are no relevant guidelines and standards for the treatment of bronchopleural fistula.In order to evaluate the clinical efficacy of atrial septal occluder for early bronchopleural fistula (BPF) after total pneumonectomy,this paper retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of one case diagnosed as bronchopleural fistula after total pneumonectomy in Yunnan cancer hospital in December 2016.The clinical manifestations of this patient are cough,expectoration,accompanied by blood in sputum,did chest CT and electronic bronchoscopy,then found left pulmonary bronchopleural fistula.According to the anatomical characteristics and pathological features of bronchopleural fistula,the atrial septal occluder was used to occlude the fistula.The first placement of the atrial septal occluder (6 mm) was successful,and the left pulmonary bronchial fistula was completely occluded after placement of the atrial septal occluder.Five days later,an electronic bronchoscopy was performed to assess the pulmonary and airway conditions and found that the left pulmonary bronchial stump occluder was displaced.To place the atrial septal occluder (18 mm) again,once placed successfully,and the fistula was completely occluded.The left pleural residual cavity disappeared completely after the occluder was placed for 3 months,the fistula healed and the pulmonary function improved obviously.The atrial septal occluder was used to occlude the early bronchopleural fistula after lobectomy.The operation was simple,the fistula healing was accelerated and the residual cavity disappeared.As well as improve the quality of life of patients,the clinical effect is good.A large number of clinical data shows that the atrial septal occluder is a scientific and effective method which owes the advantages of the treatment of bronchopleural fistula,rapid healing of fistula,good surgical safety,simple and convenient operation and less postoperative complications.It can be popularized and applied.
[Key words]Pneumonectomy;Bronchopleural fistula;Atrial septal defect occluder;Electronic bronchoscope
支气管胸膜瘘(bronchopleural fistula,BPF)是指支气管残端与胸膜腔构成的瘘道,据相关文献计算,支气管胸膜瘘的发作率为0.5%~15.0%, 可是其病死率却高达23.6%~71.2%[1]。有学者提出房距离封堵器封堵支气管胸膜瘘具有简洁、安全、有用等长处[2]。支气管胸膜瘘可由多种原因引起,如支气管残端闭合技能、残端有癌残留、胸腔感染、某些全身性疾病(如糖尿病、低蛋白血症、免疫缺点、营养不良等)、术前辅佐放疗或化疗、術后机械通气>24 h及术后感染等[3-4]。支气管胸膜瘘是肺切除术中稀有但可能丧命的并发症[5]。云南省肿瘤医院胸外一科诊治了1例左下肺鳞癌的患者,行左全肺切除术后发作左主支气管残端胸膜瘘,两次置入房距离封堵器后,封堵彻底,医治作用好,现报导如下。
1病例材料
患者,男,65岁,因左肺鳞癌于2016年12月24日行左全肺切除术,手术成功,顺畅出院。3 d后因咳嗽、咳痰,痰中带血再次入院,复查CT提示:左边支气管残端-胸膜瘘构成,内、外口径约0.26 cm。放置胸腔闭式引流管,咳嗽时有气泡溢出,初次置入房距离封堵器(6 mm)后,封堵杰出。5 d后患者咳嗽时胸管内仍有气泡溢出,复查电子支气管镜,提示左边支气管残端封堵器下移,窥见瘘口。考虑初次置入房距离封堵器类型(6 mm)不适宜该瘘口巨细,更换为房距离封堵器(18 mm)(图1),置入后封堵彻底(图2),患者咳嗽时无气泡溢出,考虑封堵器置入有用,封堵彻底。
患者全麻后气管插管,电子支气管镜经过气管插管顺次进入气管、隆突、右主支气管及各段支气管,未见显着反常,吸出较多黏性分泌物;调查发现左肺支气管残端封堵器移位,窥见瘘口巨细约12 mm,之前所用封堵器掉落,所以将其取出,将房距离残缺封堵器(18 mm)用封堵器介入运送设备(8 f)送入胸膜腔,封堵器成型好,内镜下未见剩余瘘,开释整个封堵器,术中顺畅。继续放置胸腔闭式引流管引流,3 d后患者康复杰出出院。
2评论
现在,肺切除术后导致的支气管胸膜瘘仍然是十分扎手的问题。现在的医治方法有以下3种:①外科手术医治。再次手术封闭瘘口、闭式引流或开窗引流医治对全肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘患者具有较好的作用[6]。此外选用带蒂肌瓣也可以获得杰出的医治作用[7-9]。但外科手术医治创伤性大,患者耐受性差,易复发,远期作用不切当,上述外科手术方法未获得广泛使用[10]。②介入封堵医治。首要包含纤维支气管镜下“三明治”疗法[11]、瘘口<5 mm用封堵剂直接封堵、气管镜下注入硬化剂[12]、瘘口下刺进PVA海绵和氰基丙烯酸酯胶[13]、部分热疗影响肉芽增殖等医治,瘘口>5 mm时置入支气管封堵器[14]、气道支架及房距离残缺封堵器[2]等医治,气管镜下医治具有创伤性小、患者耐受性好、可重复屡次稳固医治等长处,医治作用好[10]。全覆膜自膨式金属支架对一侧肺叶切除术后的支气管胸膜瘘患者具有较好作用[15]。③骨髓间充质干细胞对支气管胸膜瘘封堵成功[1,16]。
本例报导中,该患者两次行封堵术,封堵器均一次成功置入,手术顺畅。初次封堵器置入5 d后发作移位可能是因为肺部感染导致瘘口与封堵器贴合不紧密,封堵器狭部稍大于瘘口内径,必定程度上扩张了瘘口直径,而第2次术前及术后给予活跃的抗感染医治,胸腔闭式引流管冲刷胸腔,房距离残缺封堵器类型较大,贴合较好,封堵彻底。实践证明该封堵器及其置入体系使用方便,易于定位,封堵作用切当,组织相容性好,未发作封堵器移位和掉落现象。
综上所述,房距离残缺封堵器及其置入体系是一种安全、有用且使用方便的支气管胸膜瘘内封堵的器件,使用房距离封堵器对肺叶切除后构成的支气管胸膜瘘进行封堵,临床作用杰出,可推广使用。
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(收稿日期:2017-11-14 本文修改:闫 佩)