利拉鲁肽:利拉鲁肽对匹罗卡品致痫大鼠海马各区神经元凋亡的影响

疾病
中国现代医生
2018年12月01日 15:43

王瑞芳  薛国芳  连霞  高慧中 曹丽君 郑辑英

[摘要] 意图 探討利拉鲁肽对大鼠癫痫继续状况后海马各区神经元凋亡的影响。 办法 将雄性SD大鼠(n=54)随机分为空白对照组(n=6)、匹罗卡品模型组(SE组,n=24)、利拉鲁肽干涉组(Liraglutide组,n=24);并根据发作中止后的时刻点(12 h,1 d,3 d,7 d)将SE组和Liraglutide组各分为4个亚组(n=6)。选用免疫组化技能检测海马CA3和DG区BCL2和BAX蛋白的表达。 成果 与SE组比较,Liraglutide组在SE后12 h、1 d、3 d时CA3区BCL2表达水平升高(P<0.05),而在SE后7 d时BCL2水平与SE组无差异(P>0.05);在DG区,Liraglutide组在SE后1 d BCL2表达升高(P<0.05),在SE后3 d时表达无差异(P>0.05)。Liraglutide组相较SE组,在SE后12 h,DG区BAX表达开端显着下降(P<0.01);在SE后1 d,CA3区BAX表达下降(P<0.01);且在SE后3 d,Liraglutide组DG区和CA3区BAX表达都高于空白对照组(P<0.05)。 定论 利拉鲁肽经过按捺癫痫继续状况后海马CA3区和DG区神经元凋亡发挥神经维护效果。

[关键词] GLP-1;癫痫;海马;凋亡

[中图分类号] R742.1 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-9701(2018)10-0032-05

Effects of liraglutide on neuronal apoptosis in each zone of hippocampus in rats with epilepsy induced by pilocarpine

WANG Ruifang1 XUE Guofang2 LIAN Xia2 GAO Huizhong2 CAO Lijun2 ZHENG Jiying2

1.Shanxi Medical University,Taiyuan 030000,China;2.Department of Neurology,Shanxi Medical University Second Hospital,Taiyuan 030000,China

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of liraglutide on neuronal apoptosis in each zone of hippocampus after persistent state of epilepsy in rats. Methods Male SD rats(n=54) were randomly divided into blank control group(n=6), pilocarpine model group (SE group, n=24), and liraglutide intervention group(Liraglutide group, n=24); the SE group and liraglutide group were divided into 4 subgroups(n=6) according to the time point after the termination of attack(12 h, 1 d, 3 d, 7 d). Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of BCL2 and BAX proteins in CA3 and DG zones of hippocampus. Results In the liraglutide group, compared with the SE group, the expression of BCL2 in CA3 zone was increased at 12 hours, 1 day and 3 days after SE(P<0.05). However, there was no difference in BCL2 level compared with SE group at 7 days after SE(P>0.05);in the DG zone, BCL2 expression was increased in liraglutide group one day after SE(P<0.05);there was no difference in expression at 3 days after SE(P>0.05). In the liraglutide group, the expression of BAX was significantly decreased in DG zone at 12 hours after SE compared with SE group(P<0.01);one day after SE, the expression of BAX was decreased in CA3 zone(P<0.01);and 3 days after SE, BAX expression in DG zone and CA3 zone in liraglutide group was higher than that in the blank control group(P<0.05). Conclusion Liraglutide exerts neuroprotective effect by inhibiting apoptosis of neurons in CA3 and DG zones of hippocampus after persistent states of epilepsy.

[Key words] GLP-1;Epilepsy;Hippocampus;Apoptosis

癫痫继续状况(status epilepticus,SE)是神经内科急症,具有较高的致残率和致死率[1,2]。但现在现有的抗癫痫药,如苯二氮类药物地西泮等仅可缓解痫性发作症状,并不能针对SE后癫痫发作发挥效果[3-5]。且SE可能开展为缓慢癫痫,乃至难治性癫痫,预后较差[5]。因而,评论癫痫发作(Epileptogenesis)的机制并寻觅能针对癫痫发作的用药成为研讨热门。利拉鲁肽是一种胰高血糖素样肽-1(Glucagon-like petide 1,GLP-1)类似物,现在被用于临床2型糖尿病的医治[6]。近来研讨标明,GLP-1类似物能够穿过血脑屏障与脑内GLP-1受体结合,按捺脑内炎性反响、氧化应激、细胞凋亡等病理进程并增强突触可塑性和海马神经元再生,推迟神经系统疾病的发作开展[7,8]。其神经维护效果已在帕金森病(Parkinsons disease,PD)、阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimers disease,PD)、创伤性脑损害、卒中的动物模型中得到证明;并且GLP-1类似物艾塞那肽对PD的研讨已经在临床上得到开端认证[9-12]。因而,本文选用氯化锂-匹罗卡品模型模拟人类颞叶癫痫,调查利拉鲁肽是否能经过按捺SE后海马各区神经元凋亡,发挥神经维护效果。

1 材料与办法

1.1试验动物与试验分组规划

健康雄性Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠,重200~250 g,购于北京维通利华试验动物技能有限公司。将54只SD大鼠随机分为三组:空白对照组(n=6)、匹罗卡品模型组(SE组,n=24)和利拉鲁肽干涉组(Liraglutide组,n=24);并根据痫性发作中止后的时刻点(12 h,1 d,3 d,7 d)将SE组和Liraglutide组各分为4个亚组(n=6)。Liraglutide组在痫性发作中止后腹腔打针利拉鲁肽25 nmol/(kg·d);SE组一起打针等体积生理盐水。根据模型的成功率和死亡率,弥补试验大鼠,确保每组动物数量。

1.2 匹罗卡品诱导SE模型

SD大鼠首先按127 mg/kg腹腔打针氯化锂(Sigma-Aldrich),20 h后腹腔给予1 mg/kg硫酸阿托品(天津金耀)来下降外周胆碱能反响,30 min后再给予30 mg/kg盐酸匹罗卡品(MedChem Express)诱导痫性发作。调查大鼠行为学改变,一般在盐酸匹罗卡品打针后30 min内呈现痫性发作。Racine分级规范(Racine分级:Ⅳ级:后肢站立伴全身强直性阵挛;Ⅴ级:站立伴跌倒的全身强直性阵挛发作),Ⅳ级及以上继续发作超越30 min认定为SE造模成功。SE后1 h,10 mg/kg地西泮(天津金耀)腹腔打针中止痫性发作。

1.3 免疫安排化学检测海马区BCL2和BAX蛋白表达

腹腔打针5%的水合氯醛(5 mL/kg)麻醉大鼠后,进行心脏灌注。翻开胸腔,露出心脏,将7#输液器针头从心尖部刺进,一起剪开右心耳,快速灌入预冷生理盐水约150 mL,待调查到流出液变清亮时,中止灌注;随后,用4%的多聚甲醛(PFA)先快后慢灌注约150 mL。待大鼠四肢、尾巴生硬后断头取脑,并浸泡于4%PFA中固定。24 h后脑安排脱水、包埋、制造5 μm厚白腊切片。切片经二甲苯、酒精脱蜡水化后,用3%的过氧化氢溶液室温孵育10 min以灭活内源性的过氧化物酶。随后,以柠檬酸盐缓冲液(pH=6.0)进行抗原修正。一抗包含兔抗鼠anti-BCL2(1∶50,Bioworld technology),兔抗鼠anti-BAX(1∶50,Bioworld technology)别离4℃孵育过夜后,二抗-山羊抗兔IgG(1∶500,博士德)37℃孵育1 h。切片每次孵育后需用0.01 M的磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS,博士德)洗刷3次,每次5 min。滴加辣根过氧化物酶符号的ABC复合物(中山金桥),37℃反响20 min。DAB室温显色约3 min后,自来水中止显色。最终苏木素浸染约1 min,盐酸酒精分解1 s,流水冲刷返蓝后脱水、封片。进行图画剖析,用Image pro plus 6.0别离进行海马CA3、DG区阳性细胞计数。

1.4 统计学办法

选用SPSS20.0统计学软件进行剖析,计量材料经正态性查验,均契合正态分布,选用均数±规范差(x±s)描绘。根据材料性质,多组均数比较选用单因素方差剖析(One-way ANOVA),组间两两比较选用Tukey查验。P<0.05为差异有统计学含义。

2 成果

2.1利拉鲁肽增强海马CA3和DG区BCL2表达水平

与空白对照组比较,SE组在SE后12 h海马CA3区BCL2表达显着升高(P<0.05),且在SE后1 d到达峰值(P<0.01);DG区BCL2表达在SE后1 d开端升高(P<0.01),3 d后保持较高水平(P<0.01),7 d后BCL2表达仍高于空白对照组(P<0.05),但低于SE后3 d时的水平。与SE组比较,Liraglutide组在SE后12 h、1 d、3 d时海马CA3区BCL2表达水平升高(P<0.05),而在SE后7 d时BCL2水平与SE组无显着差异(P>0.05);相较SE组,Liraglutide组在海马DG区,SE后1 d BCL2表达升高(P<0.05),在SE后3 d时表达无显着差异(P>0.05)。见图1a(封三)、图1b、圖2a(封三)、图2b。

2.2利拉鲁肽减低海马CA3和DG区BAX表达水平

在SE后12 h,SE组海马DG区BAX表达显着高于空白对照组(P<0.01),且随时刻推移而逐步添加(P<0.01);海马CA3区BAX表达在SE后1 d开端添加(P<0.01),且在3 d后到达峰值,7 d时仍保持较高水平。与SE组比较,Liraglutide组海马DG区BAX水平在SE后12 h开端显着下降(P<0.01),且与空白对照组无显着差异(P>0.05);在SE后3 d BAX表达仍低于SE组(P<0.01),且高于空白对照组(P<0.01)。相较SE组,Liraglutide组在SE后1 d海马CA3区,BAX表达显着下降(P<0.01),但与空白对照组无显着差异(P>0.05);在SE后3 d Liraglutide组BAX较SE组低但高于空白对照组(P<0.05)。见图3a(封三)、图3b、图4a(封三)、图4b。

3 討论

氯化锂-匹罗卡品诱导的SE模型模拟人类颞叶癫痫,在SE后,进入1~2周的埋伏期(此刻,SE诱导的脑损害继续发展),最终可能开展为缓慢癫痫[13,14]。研讨标明,神经元凋亡在埋伏期癫痫发作进程中发挥重要效果,而氧化应激又是诱导凋亡最主要的原因[15,16]。SE诱导氧化应激,即ROS/RNS上调,其危害细胞膜蛋白、酶和线粒体;ROS/RNS触发的线粒体DNA损害及电子链功用失用被以为是神经元凋亡的主要因素;线粒体关于ROS/RNS的改变极为灵敏,线粒体应激、功用妨碍时,细胞内钙离子添加,抗氧化物尤其是谷胱甘肽组成妨碍、钙离子依靠的线粒体渗透性变换孔(mitochondrial permeability transition pore,MPTP)敞开引起细胞凋亡[15,17,18]。既往研讨显现,这些应激反响均可增强突触传导、进步神经元兴奋性,进一步促进癫痫发作[19]。因而,按捺神经元凋亡有可能按捺癫痫发作,推迟疾病发展。ROS产品与线粒体Ca2+一起效果敞开MPTP,导致促凋亡分子从线粒体开释到胞浆,经过Caspase途径、线粒体相关蛋白BCL2宗族以及凋亡诱导因子(apoptosis-inducing factor,AIF)触发细胞凋亡[20-23]。BCL2宗族包含抗凋亡蛋白BCL2、BCL-XL和促凋亡蛋白BAX、BAD等,其主要经过调控BCL2/BAX含量比值发挥效果;当促凋亡蛋白BAX含量远高于抗凋亡蛋白BCL2水平常,促进细胞色素C(Cytc)开释,发动线粒体凋亡[24]。所以,本试验经过检测SE后大鼠海马各区BCL2和BAX蛋白的表达状况来评论利拉鲁肽能否经过按捺神经元凋亡来发挥神经维护效果。

本试验选用匹罗卡品模型,调查SE后12 h、1 d、3 d、7 d这4个时刻点海马CA3区和DG区BCL2/BAX表达状况。成果显现,BCL2表达在SE后12 h就开端显着升高,但在CA3区其表达在1 d后又开端下降,在DG区BCL2表达在7 d后开端下降;海马DG和CA3区BAX表达别离在SE后12 h和1 d开端升高,且继续保持较高水平。SE诱导促凋亡蛋白BAX在SE后12 h开端升高,使得MPTP敞开且线粒体外膜通透性添加、促凋亡分子开释到胞浆,激活下流caspase依靠和非依靠性的凋亡通路,促进癫痫发作[25]。而抗凋亡蛋白BCL2在SE后也升高,可能是机体应激状况的自我维护,但在SE后1 d就开端下降,使得BCL2/BAX含量比值下降,协同BAX促进癫痫发作。成果标明,在SE后癫痫发作进程中细胞凋亡继续存在,且继续发展,这与之前的研讨成果相一致,SE后BCL2宗族敏捷被激活,诱导线粒体途径凋亡,并进一步评论了DG区凋亡状况的改变[16,26]。

有研讨[27-29]以为,SE后埋伏期可能成为癫痫医治的重要时刻窗,但现有抗癫痫药并不能针对埋伏期间癫痫发作的病理进程发挥效果。因而,致力于癫痫发作的用药研讨成为热门。研讨标明,左乙拉西坦、α-细辛醚、西格列汀等能够经过按捺SE后神经炎性反响、细胞凋亡来效果于癫痫发作,然后发挥必定的神经维护效果[20,30,31]。神经元凋亡被以为是SE后促进癫痫发作的重要病理机制,而GLP-1受体激动剂在PD、AD模型中能有用按捺线粒体应激,按捺凋亡[32]。因而,本研讨经过检测利拉鲁肽对SE后海马CA3和DG区促凋亡蛋白BAX和抗凋亡蛋白BCL2的表达状况,标明利拉鲁肽在SE后12 h开端发挥效果,但在SE后3 d时,Liraglutide组海马DG区BCL2表达与SE组无统计学差异,BAX表达虽低于SE组却高于空白对照组,标明利拉鲁肽可能经过部分调整BCL2和BAX蛋白表达水平来缓解线粒体应激引起的细胞凋亡,但其对SE后细胞凋亡的按捺具有必定的限制,可能是因为癫痫发作进程的错综复杂性或许利拉鲁肽药物浓度下降所形成的,其机制尚不清楚,有待进一步的研讨。

[参考文献]

[1] Brigo F,Bragazzi NL,Lattanzi S,et al.A critical appraisal of randomized controlled trials on intravenous phenytoin in convulsive status epilepticus[J]. European Journal of Neurology,2017,25(3):451-463.

[2] Zeng X,Chen S,Gao Q et al. Corrigendum to "The expression of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 and its interaction with dendritic marker microtubule-associated protein-2 after status epilepticus"[J].Epilepsy Res,2017, 138(2017):62-70.

[3] Trandafir CC,Pouliot WA,Dudek FE,et al. Co-administration of subtherapeutic diazepam enhances neuroprotective effect of COX-2 inhibitor,NS-398,after lithium pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus[J]. Neuroscience,2015,284:601-610.

[4] Pitkanen A,Kharatishvili I,Narkilahti S,et al. Administration of diazepam during status epilepticus reduces development and severity of epilepsy in rat[J]. Epilepsy Research,2005,63(1):27-42.

[5] Kantanen AM,Reinikainen M,Parviainen I,et al. Long-term outcome of refractory status epilepticus in adults:A retrospective population-based study[J]. Epilepsy research, 2017,133:13-21.

[6] Iepsen EW,Torekov SS,Holst JJ. Liraglutide for Type 2 diabetes and obesity:A 2015 update[J]. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy,2015,13(7):753-767.

[7] Hamilton A,Holscher C. Receptors for the incretin glucagon-like peptide-1 are expressed on neurons in the central nervous system[J]. Neuroreport,2009,20(13):1161-1166.

[8] Hunter K,Holscher C.Drugs developed to treat diabetes, liraglutide and lixisenatide, cross the blood brain barrier and enhance neurogenesis[J].BMC neuroscience,2012,13(1):33.

[9] McClean PL,Holscher C. Liraglutide can reverse memory impairment,synaptic loss and reduce plaque load in aged APP/PS1 mice,a model of Alzheimers disease[J]. Neuropharmacology,2014,76:57-67.

[10] Gejl M,Brock B,Egefjord L,et al. Blood-brain glucose transfer in Alzheimers disease:Effect of GLP-1 analog treatment[J]. Scientific Reports,2017,7(1):17490.

[11] Kim S,Jeong J,Jung HS, et al. Anti-inflammatory effect of glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonist, exendin-4, through Modulation of IB1/JIP1 expression and JNK signaling in stroke[J]. Experimental Neurobiology,2017,26(4):227-239.

[12] Li Y,Bader M,Tamargo I,et al. Liraglutide is neurotrophic and neuroprotective in neuronal cultures and mitigates mild traumatic brain injury in mice[J]. Journal of Neurochemistry,2015,135(6):1203-1217.

[13] Biagini G,Rustichelli C,Curia G,et al. Neurosteroids and epileptogenesis[J]. Journal of Neuroendocrinology,2013,25(11):980-990.

[14] 王本國,廖卫平,罗爱华.氯化锂联合匹罗卡品小剂量屡次打针诱发癫痫继续状况模型的研讨[J].广东医学,2006,27(6):810-812.

[15] Mendez-Armenta M, Nava-Ruiz C, Juarez-Rebollar D, et al. Oxidative stress associated with neuronal apoptosis in experimental models of epilepsy[J]. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity,2014,2014:293689.

[16] Henshall DC,Engel T. Contribution of apoptosis-associated signaling pathways to epileptogenesis:Lessons from Bcl-2 family knockouts[J]. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience,2013,7:110.

[17] Aguiar CCT,Almeida AB,Araujo PVP,et al. Oxidative stress and epilepsy:Literature review[J].Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity,2012,2012:795259.

[18] Rowley S, Patel M. Mitochondrial involvement and oxidative stress in temporal lobe epilepsy[J]. Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2013,62:121-131.

[19] Cardenas-Rodriguez N,Huerta-Gertrudis B,Rivera-Espinosa L,et al. Role of oxidative stress in refractory epilepsy:Evidence in patients and experimental models[J].International Journal of Molecular Sciences,2013,14(1):1455-1476.

[20] Nader MA,Ateyya H,El-Shafey M,et al. Sitagliptin enhances the neuroprotective effect of pregabalin against pentylenetetrazole-induced acute epileptogenesis in mice:Implication of oxidative,inflammatory,apoptotic and autophagy pathways[J].Neurochemistry International,2017, 115:11-23.

[21] Meng DW,Liu HG,Yang AC,et al. Stimulation of anterior thalamic nuclei protects against seizures and neuronal apoptosis in hippocampal CA3 region of kainic acid-induced epileptic rats[J]. Chinese Medical Journal,2016, 129(8):960.

[22] Emerit J,Edeas M,Bricaire F. Neurodegenerative diseases and oxidative stress[J].Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy,2004,58(1):39-46.

[23] Kajta M.Apoptosis in the central nervous system:Mechanisms and protective strategies[J].Pharmacological Reports,2004,56(6):689-700.

[24] Annis MG,Soucie EL,Dlugosz PJ,et al.Bax forms multispanning monomers that oligomerize to permeabilize membranes during apoptosis[J].The EMBO Journal,2005, 24(12):2096-2103.

[25] Chipuk JE,Moldoveanu T,Llambi F,et al. The BCL-2 Family Reunion[J]. Molecular Cell. 2010,37(3):299-310.

[26] Akcali KC,Sahiner M,Sahiner T. The role of bcl-2 family of genes during kindling[J]. Epilepsia,2005,46(2):217-223.

[27] Loscher W,Brandt C.Prevention or modification of epileptogenesis after brain insults:experimental approaches and translational research[J].Pharmacological Reviews,2010,62(4):668-700.

[28] Pitkanen A. Therapeutic approaches to epileptogenesis-hope on the horizon[J]. Epilepsia,2010,51(Suppl 3):2-17.

[29] Jensen FE. Introduction Posttraumatic epilepsy:Treatable epileptogenesis[J]. Epilepsia,2009,50(Suppl 2):1-3.

[30] Kikuyama H,Hanaoka T,Kanazawa T,et al. The mechanism of anti-epileptogenesis by levetiracetam treatment is similar to the spontaneous recovery of idiopathic generalized epilepsy during adolescence[J]. Psychiatry Investigation,2017,14(6):844-850.

[31] Liu HJ,Lai X,Xu Y,et al. Alpha-asarone attenuates cognitive deficit in a pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus rat model via a decrease in the nuclear factor-kappaB activation and reduction in microglia neuroinflammation[J]. Frontiers in Neurology,2017,8:661.

[32] Jalewa J,Sharma MK,Gengler S,et al. A novel GLP-1/GIP dual receptor agonist protects from 6-OHDA lesion in a rat model of Parkinsons disease[J]. Neuropharmacology,2017,117:238-248.

(收稿日期:2017-11-25)

健康之友©部分网站内容来自网络,如有侵权请联系我们,立即删除!
腺瘤 患者 加味
你该读读这些:一周精选导览
更多内容...

TOP

More